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  Bases anatomiques des lésions de l’artère pudendale externe lors de la chirurgie des varices du membre pelvien

  Magaye Gaye, Assane Ndiaye, Papa Adama Dieng, Aynina Ndiaye, Papa Salmane Ba, Souleymane Diatta, Amadou Gabriel Ciss, Jean Marc Ndiaga Ndoye, Mamadou Diop, Abdoulaye Ndiaye, Mouhamadou Ndiaye, Abdarahmane Dia

  IntroductionL’artère pudendale externe est une branche collatérale de l’artère fémorale commune qui est destinée à la vascularisation du pénis ou du clitoris. Ses rapports avec la crosse de la grande veine saphène et de ses afférences, dans le trigone fémoral, sont très étroits. Cette situation fait qu’elle est souvent lésée lors de la crossectomie et de l’éveinage de la grande veine saphène. Ces lésions peuvent être à l’origine d’une dysfonction sexuelle.MéthodesIl s’agit d’une dissection de 22 régions inguinales chez 13 hommes et 9 femmes qui ont bénéficié d’un abord chirurgical du trigone fémoral. La distribution et les rapports de l’artère pudendale externe par rapport à la crosse de la grande veine saphène sont étudiés.RésultatsL’artère pudendale externe unique est la plus fréquente. Toutes les artères pudendales externes ont pour origine l’artère fémorale commune. Le rapport le plus fréquent est le sous croisement de la crosse de la grande veine saphène par une artère pudendale externe unique. Par ailleurs, on a un précroisement, un croisement alterné et des rapports avec la veine fémorale commune et des afférences de la crosse de la grande veine saphène. Certaines techniques chirurgicales exposent plus ou moins à une lésion de l’artère pudendale externe.ConclusionCe travail confirme les données antérieures mais montre encore quelques particularités sur les rapports entre la crosse de la grande veine saphène et l’artère pudendale externe.

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Bases moléculaires de la pénétrance incomplète et de l'expressivité variable des maladies génétiques cardiaques : revue de la littérature

  Alexis Billes

  Introduction : les maladies cardiaques héréditaires (troubles du rythme, de la conduction, cardiomyopathies) sont sujettes à une hérédité Multifactorielle. L'objectif de ce travail est de résumer les connaissances actuelles sur les facteurs génétiques modificateurs dans les maladies cardiaques héréditaires. Modificateurs au locus : les variations du phénotype peuvent s'expliquer par la variabilité allélique ; des éléments modificateurs au locus en trans ou en cis, codants (variation exonique) ou non-codants (3'UTR, 5'UTR, ou intronique). Modificateurs hors-locus : De multiples gènes différents peuvent participer à la modulation du phénotype d'une maladie cardiaque héréditaire (par accumulation). Plusieurs maladies génétiques peuvent être présentes simultanément chez le même individu (phénotypes chevauchants). Des éléments non-codants tels que des enhancers, promoteurs ou des ARN non-codants peuvent également jouer un rôle dans la déclaration et la modification phénotypique d'une pathologie cardiogénétique. Certains cas particuliers ont aussi un impact sur l'expression et la pénétrance de ces maladies (mosaïcisme, transmission liée à l'X). Détermination : les modificateurs sont déterminés grâce à l'étude de cas familiaux particuliers, à des approches gènes-candidats, à des populations soumises à effet fondateur, ou des études d'association pangénomique. Conclusion : la connaissance approfondie de ces mécanismes est complexe et nécessite une collaboration clinico-biologique, mais pourrait permettre une meilleure stratification du risque et une possible mise en place de thérapeutiques innovantes, ciblées et personnalisées.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueSémiologieLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Bayesian frailty modeling of correlated survival data with application to under-five mortality

  Refah M. Alotaibi, Hoda Ragab Rezk, Chris Guure

  BackgroundThere is high rate of under-five mortality in West Africa with little effort made to study determinants that significantly increase or decrease its risk across the West African sub-region. This is important since it will help in the design of effective intervention programs for each country or the entire region. The overall objective of this research evaluates the determinants of under-five mortality prior to the end of the 2015 Millennium Development Goals, to guide West African countries implement strategies that will aid them achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3 by 2030.MethodThis study used the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from twelve (12) out of the eighteen West African countries; Ghana, Benin, Cote d’ Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Gambia and Togo. Data were extracted from the children and women of reproductive age files as provided in the DHS report. The response or outcome variable of interest is under-five mortality rate. A Bayesian exponential, Weibull and Gompertz regression models via a gamma shared frailty model were used for the analysis. The deviance information criteria and Bayes factors were used to discriminate between models. These analyses were carried out using Stata version 15 software.ResultsThe study recorded 101 (95% CI: 98.6–103.5) deaths per 1000 live births occurring among the twelve countries. Burkina Faso (124.4), Cote D’lvoire (110.1), Guinea (116.4), Nigeria (120.6) and Niger (118.3) recorded the highest child under-5 mortality rate. Gambia (48.1), Ghana (60.1) and Benin (70.4) recorded the least unde-5 mortality rate per 1000 livebirths. Multiple birth children were about two times more likely to die compared to singleton birth, in all except Gambia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. We observed significantly higher hazard rates for male compared to female children in the combined data analysis (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: [1.10–1.18]). The country specific analysis in Benin, Cot

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologiePédiatrieSanté publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Bayesian modeling of the effect of vaccination and the delta and omicron variants on the COVID-19 epidemic in Burkina Faso using poisson log-linear autoregressive model

  Serge M. A. Somda, Issouf Traore, Bernard E. A. Dabone

  IntroductionSince its emergence in Burkina Faso in March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic has undergone several shifts in its trajectory. These fluctuations have been influenced by government control measures, socio-economic dynamics, and biological mutations of the virus. However, the individual impacts of these factors remain insufficiently assessed, and the detailed history of the outbreak is not fully understood. This study aims to objectively evaluate the effects of two major viral variants (Delta and Omicron) as well as the introduction of vaccination on the epidemic's progression.MethodsWe used publicly available surveillance data and adopted a Bayesian modeling framework, incorporating a Poisson counting process with log-linear autoregressive component. The events of interest were modeled as dummy time series to estimate their influence.ResultsOur findings indicate that the emergence of the Delta variant was associated with an increase in weekly infections, while the arrival of the Omicron variant coincided with a decrease in case numbers. The vaccination was associated with an increase of transmission during the study period.DiscussionThis work contributes valuable insights into the epidemic's dynamics in a West African context and offers important lessons for the design of future public health responses.

  ImmunologieSanté publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journa

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Bayesian spatial modelling of malaria burden in two contrasted eco-epidemiological facies in Benin (West Africa): call for localized interventions

  Barikissou Georgia Damien, Akoeugnigan Idelphonse Sode, Daniel Bocossa, Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille, Badirou Aguemon, Vincent Corbel, Marie-Claire Henry, Romain Lucas Glèlè Kakaï, Franck Remoué

  BackgroundDespite a global decrease in malaria burden worldwide, malaria remains a major public health concern, especially in Benin children, the most vulnerable group. A better understanding of malaria’s spatial and age-dependent characteristics can help provide durable disease control and elimination. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and disease among children under five years of age in Benin, West Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional epidemiological and clinical survey was conducted using parasitological examination and rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) in Benin. Interviews were done with 10,367 children from 72 villages across two health districts in Benin. The prevalence of infection and clinical cases was estimated according to age. A Bayesian spatial binomial model was used to estimate the prevalence of malaria infection, and clinical cases were adjusted for environmental and demographic covariates. It was implemented in R using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) and Stochastic Partial Differentiation Equations (SPDE) techniques.ResultsThe prevalence of P. falciparum infection was moderate in the south (34.6%) of Benin and high in the northern region (77.5%). In the south, the prevalence of P. falciparum infection and clinical malaria cases were similar according to age. In northern Benin children under six months of age were less frequently infected than children aged 6–11, 12–23, 24–60 months, (p < 0.0001) and had the lowest risk of malaria cases compared to the other age groups (6–12), (13–23) and (24–60): OR = 3.66 [2.21–6.05], OR = 3.66 [2.21–6.04], and OR = 2.83 [1.77–4.54] respectively (p < 0.0001). Spatial model prediction showed more heterogeneity in the south than in the north but a higher risk of malaria infection and clinical cases in the north than in the south.ConclusionIntegrated and periodic risk mapping of Plasmodium falciparum infection and clinical cases will make interventio

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Bayesian Spatiotemporal Modeling of Routinely Collected Data to Assess the Effect of Health Programs in Malaria Incidence During Pregnancy in Burkina Faso

  Toussaint Rouamba, Sekou Samadoulougou, Halidou Tinto, Victor A. Alegana, Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou

  Control of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) remains a major challenge in Burkina Faso. Surveillance of the burden due to MiP based on routinely collected data at a fine-scale level, followed by an appropriate analysis and interpretation, may be crucial for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of existing control measures. We described the spatio-temporal dynamics of MiP at the community-level and assessed health program effects, mainly community-based health promotion, results-based financing, and intermittent-preventive-treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Community-aggregated monthly MiP cases were downloaded from Health Management Information System and combined with covariates from other sources. The MiP spatio-temporal pattern was decomposed into three components: overall spatial and temporal trends and space-time interaction. Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal Poisson models were used to fit the MiP incidence rate and assess health program effects. The overall annual incidence increased between 2015 and 2017. The findings reveal spatio-temporal heterogenicity throughout the year, which peaked during rainy season. From the model without covariates, 96 communities located mainly in the Cascades, South-West, Center-West, Center-East, and Eastern regions, exhibited significant relative-risk levels. The combined effect (significant reducing effect) of RBF, health promotion and IPTp-SP strategies was greatest in 17.7% (17/96) of high burden malaria communities. Despite intensification of control efforts, MiP remains high at the community-scale. The provided risk maps are useful tools for highlighting areas where interventions should be optimized, particularly in high-risk communities.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original autho

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  Bayesian variable selection in modelling geographical heterogeneity in malaria transmission from sparse data: an application to Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, Burkina Faso

  Eric Diboulo, Ali Sié, Diallo A Diadier, Dimitrios A Karagiannis Voules, Yazoume Yé, Penelope Vounatsou

  BackgroundQuantification of malaria heterogeneity is very challenging, partly because of the underlying characteristics of mosquitoes and also because malaria is an environmentally driven disease. Furthermore, in order to assess the spatial and seasonal variability in malaria transmission, vector data need to be collected repeatedly over time (at fixed geographical locations). Measurements collected at locations close to each other and over time tend to be correlated because of common exposures such as environmental or climatic conditions. Non- spatial statistical methods, when applied to analyze such data, may lead to biased estimates. We developed rigorous methods for analyzing sparse and spatially correlated data. We applied Bayesian variable selection to identify the most important predictors as well as the elapsing time between climate suitability and changes in entomological indices.MethodsBayesian geostatistical zero-inflated binomial and negative binomial models including harmonic seasonal terms, temporal trends and climatic remotely sensed proxies were applied to assess spatio-temporal variation of sporozoite rate and mosquito density in the study area. Bayesian variable selection was employed to determine the most important climatic predictors and elapsing (lag) time between climatic suitability and malaria transmission. Bayesian kriging was used to predict mosquito density and sporozoite rate at unsampled locations. These estimates were converted to covariate and season-adjusted maps of entomological inoculation rates. Models were fitted using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation.ResultsThe results show that Anophele. gambiae is the most predominant vector (79.29%) and is more rain-dependant than its sibling Anophele. funestus (20.71%). Variable selection suggests that the two species react differently to different climatic conditions. Prediction maps of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) depict a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity in malaria tran

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original

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  Bead-based assays to simultaneously detect multiple human inherited blood disorders associated with malaria

  Lynn Grignard, Catherine Mair, Jonathan Curry, Laleta Mahey, Guide J. H. Bastiaens, Alfred B. Tiono, Joseph Okebe, Sam A. Coulibaly, Bronner P. Gonçalves, Muna Affara, Alphonse Ouédraogo, Edith C. Bougouma, Guillaume S. Sanou, Issa Nébié, Kjerstin H. W. Lanke, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Umberto d’Alessandro, Taane G. Clark, Susana Campino, Teun Bousema, Chris Drakeley

  BackgroundGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), haemoglobin C (HbC) and S (HbS) are inherited blood disorders (IBD) common in populations in malaria endemic areas. All are associated to some degree with protection against clinical malaria whilst additionally G6PDd is associated with haemolysis following treatment with 8-aminoquinolines. Measuring the prevalence of these inherited blood disorders in affected populations can improve understanding of disease epidemiology. Current methodologies in epidemiological studies commonly rely on individual target amplification and visualization; here a method is presented to simultaneously detect the polymorphisms and that can be expanded to include other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interest.MethodsHuman DNA from whole blood samples was amplified in a novel, multiplex PCR reaction and extended with SNP-specific probes in an allele specific primer extension (ASPE) to simultaneously detect four epidemiologically important human markers including G6PD SNPs (G202A and A376G) and common haemoglobin mutations (HbS and HbC). The products were hybridized to magnetic beads and the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) was read on MAGPIX® (Luminex corp.). Genotyping data was compared to phenotypical data generated by flow cytometry and to established genotyping methods.ResultsSeventy-five samples from Burkina Faso (n = 75/78, 96.2%) and 58 samples from The Gambia (n = 58/61, 95.1%) had a G6PD and a HBB genotype successfully assigned by the bead-based assay. Flow cytometry data available for n = 61 samples further supported the concordance between % G6PD normal/deficient cells and genotype.ConclusionsThe bead based assay compares well to alternative measures of genotyping and phenotyping for G6PD. The screening is high throughput, adaptable to inclusion of multiple targets of interest and easily standardized.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2648-7) contains

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid

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  Bébé pas comme les autres

  Nada El Moussaoui, Fatima Jabouirik

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Bee pollination increases yield quantity and quality of cash crops in Burkina Faso, West Africa

  Katharina Stein, Drissa Coulibaly, Kathrin Stenchly, Dethardt Goetze, Stefan Porembski, André Lindner, Souleymane Konaté, Eduard K. Linsenmair

  Mutualistic biotic interactions as among flowering plants and their animal pollinators are a key component of biodiversity. Pollination, especially by insects, is a key element in ecosystem functioning, and hence constitutes an ecosystem service of global importance. Not only sexual reproduction of plants is ensured, but also yields are stabilized and genetic variability of crops is maintained, counteracting inbreeding depression and facilitating system resilience. While experiencing rapid environmental change, there is an increased demand for food and income security, especially in sub-Saharan communities, which are highly dependent on small scale agriculture. By combining exclusion experiments, pollinator surveys and field manipulations, this study for the first time quantifies the contribution of bee pollinators to smallholders’ production of the major cash crops, cotton and sesame, in Burkina Faso. Pollination by honeybees and wild bees significantly increased yield quantity and quality on average up to 62%, while exclusion of pollinators caused an average yield gap of 37% in cotton and 59% in sesame. Self-pollination revealed inbreeding depression effects on fruit set and low germination rates in the F1-generation. Our results highlight potential negative consequences of any pollinator decline, provoking risks to agriculture and compromising crop yields in sub-Saharan West Africa.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original autho

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  BEEP (IRD) – thèses de l'UFR/SDS et de l'INSSA

  Institut de recherche pour le développement

  Bibliothèque numérique où l'on trouve des thèses scannées de médecine et de pharmacie soutenues à Ouagadougou et Bobo-Dioulasso. Site parfois en maintenance.

  Méthodologie de la recherche et thèseLicence : non-precisee

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  Beer Consumption Increases Human Attractiveness to Malaria Mosquitoes

  BackgroundMalaria and alcohol consumption both represent major public health problems. Alcohol consumption is rising in developing countries and, as efforts to manage malaria are expanded, understanding the links between malaria and alcohol consumption becomes crucial. Our aim was to ascertain the effect of beer consumption on human attractiveness to malaria mosquitoes in semi field conditions in Burkina Faso.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe used a Y tube-olfactometer designed to take advantage of the whole body odour (breath and skin emanations) as a stimulus to gauge human attractiveness to Anopheles gambiae (the primary African malaria vector) before and after volunteers consumed either beer (n = 25 volunteers and a total of 2500 mosquitoes tested) or water (n = 18 volunteers and a total of 1800 mosquitoes). Water consumption had no effect on human attractiveness to An. gambiae mosquitoes, but beer consumption increased volunteer attractiveness. Body odours of volunteers who consumed beer increased mosquito activation (proportion of mosquitoes engaging in take-off and up-wind flight) and orientation (proportion of mosquitoes flying towards volunteers' odours). The level of exhaled carbon dioxide and body temperature had no effect on human attractiveness to mosquitoes. Despite individual volunteer variation, beer consumption consistently increased attractiveness to mosquitoes.Conclusions/SignificanceThese results suggest that beer consumption is a risk factor for malaria and needs to be integrated into public health policies for the design of control measures.

  Parasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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  Beer, Wood, and Welfare ‒ The Impact of Improved Stove Use Among Dolo-Beer Breweries

  Local beer breweries in Burkina Faso absorb a considerable amount of urban woodfuel demand. We assess the woodfuel savings caused by the adoption of improved brewing stoves by these micro-breweries and estimate the implied welfare effects through the woodfuel market on private households as well as the environmental effect. We find substantial wood savings among the breweries, 36% to 38% if they fully switch to an improved stove. In absolute amounts, they save about 0.176 kg of fuelwood per litre of dolo brewed. These savings imply huge reductions in CO2-emissions and reduce the overall demand for woodfuel, which is predominantly used by the poorer strata for cooking purposes. We provide estimates for the price decrease that might result from this and show that the urban poor are likely to benefit. Thus, the intervention under study is an example for a green growth intervention with pro-poor welfare gains – something green growth strategies should look for.

  Santé publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Behavior Change After 20 Months of a Radio Campaign Addressing Key Lifesaving Family Behaviors for Child Survival: Midline Results From a Cluster Randomized Trial in Rural Burkina Faso

  Sophie Sarrassat, Nicolas Meda, Moctar Ouedraogo, Henri Some, Robert Bambara, Roy Head, Joanna Murray, Pieter Remes, Simon Cousens

  The radio campaign reached a high proportion of mothers, but the impact on self-reported behaviors at midline was mixed. Some reported episodic behaviors such as care seeking for diarrhea and obtaining treatment for fast/difficult breathing improved more in intervention than control areas, but there was little or no difference between areas in reported habitual behaviors, such as exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, hand washing with soap, and use of bed nets. The radio campaign reached a high proportion of mothers, but the impact on self-reported behaviors at midline was mixed. Some reported episodic behaviors such as care seeking for diarrhea and obtaining treatment for fast/difficult breathing improved more in intervention than control areas, but there was little or no difference between areas in reported habitual behaviors, such as exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, hand washing with soap, and use of bed nets. Background:In Burkina Faso, a comprehensive 35-month radio campaign addressed key, multiple family behaviors for improving under-5 child survival and was evaluated using a repeated cross-sectional, cluster randomized design. The primary outcome of the trial was postneonatal under-5 child mortality. This paper reports on behavior change achieved at midline.Method:Fourteen community radio stations in 14 geographic areas were selected based on their high listenership. Seven areas were randomly allocated to receive the intervention while the other 7 areas served as controls. The campaign was launched in March 2012. Cross-sectional surveys of about 5,000 mothers of under-5 children, living in villages close to the radio stations, were conducted at baseline (from December 2011 to February 2012) and at midline (in November 2013), after 20 months of campaigning. Statistical analyses were based on cluster-level summaries using a difference-in-difference (DiD) approach and adjusted for imbalances between arms at baseline. In addition, routine

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)PharmacologieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00153 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

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  Behavior Change Fast and Slow: Changing Multiple Key Behaviors a Long-Term Proposition?

  An intensive radio campaign in rural areas of Burkina Faso addressed multiple key behaviors to reduce child mortality, using a randomized cluster design. After 20 months, despite innovative approaches and high reported listenership, only modest reported change in behavior was found, mainly related to care seeking rather than habitual behavior such as hand washing. Various methodologic difficulties may have obscured a true greater impact. Analysis of the intervention after its full 35-month duration may reveal more impact, including on actual child mortality. Improving a number of key behaviors is essential to child survival efforts, and much of it may require strong and sustained efforts. An intensive radio campaign in rural areas of Burkina Faso addressed multiple key behaviors to reduce child mortality, using a randomized cluster design. After 20 months, despite innovative approaches and high reported listenership, only modest reported change in behavior was found, mainly related to care seeking rather than habitual behavior such as hand washing. Various methodologic difficulties may have obscured a true greater impact. Analysis of the intervention after its full 35-month duration may reveal more impact, including on actual child mortality. Improving a number of key behaviors is essential to child survival efforts, and much of it may require strong and sustained efforts.

  PédiatrieSanté publiqueLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00331 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

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  Behavioural divergence of sympatric Anopheles funestus populations in Burkina Faso

  Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo, N’Fale Sagnon, Fang Liu, Nora J Besansky, Carlo Costantini

  BackgroundIn Burkina Faso, two chromosomal forms of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus, Folonzo and Kiribina, are distinguished by contrasting frequencies of shared polymorphic chromosomal inversions. Sympatric and synchronous populations of Folonzo and Kiribina mate assortatively, as indicated by a significant deficit of heterokaryotypes, and genetic associations among inversions on independently segregating chromosome arms. The present study aimed to assess, by intensive longitudinal sampling, whether sympatric Folonzo and Kiribina populations are characterized by behavioural differences in key malaria vectorial parameters.MethodsThe study was conducted in two adjacent villages near Ouagadougou, in the dry savanna of central Burkina Faso. Mosquito adult resting behaviour of both forms was compared based on parallel indoor/outdoor collections across six breeding seasons; 8,235 fully karyotyped samples of half-gravid females were analysed in total. Additionally, indoor/outdoor human biting behaviour, host selection, and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate was assessed and compared between chromosomal forms.ResultsThe Kiribina form was numerically predominant in the area. However, the Folonzo form was significantly over-represented in indoor resting collections and showed stronger post-prandial endophily, while Kiribina predominated outdoors. Neither form was statistically distinguishable in human biting behaviour, and both were more likely to seek human blood meals indoors than outside. The human blood index and sporozoite rate were comparably high in both chromosomal forms in indoor collections (>89% and >8%, respectively).ConclusionsBoth Kiribina and Folonzo chromosomal forms are formidable malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. However, the significantly greater tendency for the Kiribina form to rest outdoors despite its pronounced anthropophily suggests that uniform exposure of the overall An. funestus population to indoor-based vector control tools cannot be exp

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueParasitologie et mycologieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original

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  Behavioural plasticity of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis undermines LLIN community protective effect in a Sudanese-savannah village in Burkina Faso

  Eleonora Perugini, Wamdaogo Moussa Guelbeogo, Maria Calzetta, Sara Manzi, Chiara Virgillito, Beniamino Caputo, Verena Pichler, Hilary Ranson, N’Fale Sagnon, Alessandra della Torre, Marco Pombi

  BackgroundDespite the overall major impact of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in eliciting individual and collective protection to malaria infections, some sub-Saharan countries, including Burkina Faso, still carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. This study aims to analyse the possible entomological bases of LLIN limited impact, focusing on a LLIN-protected village in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso.MethodsHuman landing catches (HLCs) were carried out in 2015 for 12 nights both indoors and outdoors at different time windows during the highest biting activity phase for Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Collected specimens were morphologically and molecularly identified and processed for Plasmodium detection and L1014F insecticide-resistance allele genotyping.ResultsAlmost 2000 unfed An. gambiae (s.l.) (54% Anopheles coluzzii and 44% Anopheles arabiensis) females landing on human volunteers were collected, corresponding to a median number of 23.5 females/person/hour. No significant differences were observed in median numbers of mosquitoes collected indoors and outdoors, nor between sporozoite rates in An. coluzzii (6.1%) and An. arabiensis (5.5%). The estimated median hourly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) on volunteers was 1.4 infective bites/person/hour. Results do not show evidence of the biting peak during night hours typical for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the absence of bednet protection. The frequency of the L1014F resistant allele (n = 285) was 66% in An. coluzzii and 38% in An. arabiensis.ConclusionsThe observed biting rate and sporozoite rates are in line with the literature data available for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the same geographical area before LLIN implementation and highlight high levels of malaria transmission in the study village. Homogeneous biting rate throughout the night and lack of preference for indoor-biting activity, suggest the capacity of both An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis to adjust their host

  Microbiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Parasitologie et mycologiePharmacologieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as

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  Behavioural responses of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto M and S molecular form larvae to an aquatic predator in Burkina Faso

  Geoffrey Gimonneau, Marco Pombi, Roch K Dabiré, Abdoulaye Diabaté, Serge Morand, Frédéric Simard

  BackgroundPredation of aquatic immature stages has been identified as a major evolutionary force driving habitat segregation and niche partitioning in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto in the humid savannahs of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Here, we explored behavioural responses to the presence of a predator in wild populations of the M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae that typically breed in permanent (e.g., rice field paddies) and temporary (e.g., road ruts) water collections.MethodsLarvae used in these experiments were obtained from eggs laid by wild female An. gambiae collected from two localities in south-western Burkina Faso during the 2008 rainy season. Single larvae were observed in an experimental arena, and behavioural traits were recorded and quantified a) in the absence of a predator and b) in the presence of a widespread mosquito predator, the backswimmer Anisops jaczewskii. Differences in the proportion of time allocated to each behaviour were assessed using Principal Component Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance.ResultsThe behaviour of M and S form larvae was found to differ significantly; although both forms mainly foraged at the water surface, spending 60-90% of their time filtering water at the surface or along the wall of the container, M form larvae spent on average significantly more time browsing at the bottom of the container than S form larvae (4.5 vs. 1.3% of their overall time, respectively; P < 0.05). In the presence of a predator, larvae of both forms modified their behaviour, spending significantly more time resting along the container wall (P < 0.001). This change in behaviour was at least twice as great in the M form (from 38.6 to 66.6% of the time at the wall in the absence and presence of the predator, respectively) than in the S form (from 48.3 to 64.1%). Thrashing at the water surface exposed larvae to a significantly greater risk of predation by the notonectid (P < 0.01), whereas predation occurred

  Parasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesSanté publiqueLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Behçet oculaire

  Ahmed Alami, Mohamed Kriet, Karim Reda, Abdelkader Laktaoui, Abdelbaare Oubaaz

  L'objectif était de déterminer les caractéristiques cliniques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques de l'atteinte oculaire chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Behçet, pris en charge dans notre service d'ophtalmologie. Nous présentons une étude rétrospective d'une série de 20 patients colligés à l'hôpital militaire de Laâyoune. Les patients ont bénéficié d'un examen ophtalmologique complet, d'une angiographie à la fluorescéine si nécessaire. Un examen OCT est réalisé chez deux patients. Dix cas d'uvéite antérieure dont un cas s'est compliqué d'hypertonie oculaire; Deux cas d'uvéite intermédiaire; huit cas d'atteinte du segment postérieur dont un cas s'est compliqué d'hémorragie intravitrienne. La maladie de Behçet (MB) est une affection inflammatoire systémique idiopathique actuellement classées au sein des vascularites primitives non nécrosantes. L'atteinte oculaire de la maladie de Behçet est fréquente et grave, mettant en jeu le pronostic visuel des patients. La maladie de Behçet est fréquente au Maroc, engageant le pronostic visuel, rendant la collaboration entre ophtalmologistes et internistes particulièrement importante.

  ImmunologieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Atacora department in Benin, West Africa: a threat for malaria vector control

  Rock Aïkpon, Fiacre Agossa, Razaki Ossè, Olivier Oussou, Nazaire Aïzoun, Frédéric Oké-Agbo, Martin Akogbéto

  BackgroundOwing to pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae, the carbamate and organophosphate insecticides are currently regarded as alternatives or supplements to pyrethroids for use on mosquito net treatments. Resistance monitoring is therefore essential to investigate the susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l to these alternative products.MethodsTwo to three day old adult female Anopheles mosquitoes were reared from larvae collected in the five districts (Kouandé, Natitingou, Matéri, Péhunco, Tanguiéta) of the Atacora department. Mosquitoes were then exposed to WHO impregnated papers. The four treatments consisted of: carbamates (0.1% bendiocarb, 0.1% propoxur) and organophosphates (0.25% pirimiphosmethyl, 1% fenitrothion). PCR assays were run to determine the members of the An. gambiae complex, the molecular forms (M) and (S), as well as phenotypes for insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) due to ace-1R mutation.ResultsBioassays showed bendiocarb resistance in all populations of An. gambiae s.s. tested. Propoxur resistance was observed in Matéri, Péhunco and Tanguiéta, while it was suspected in Kouandé and Natitingou. As for the organophosphates, susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl was assessed in all populations. Fenitrothion resistance was detected in Kouandé, Péhunco and Tanguiéta, while it was suspected in Matéri and Natitingou. The S-form was predominant in tested samples (94.44%). M and S molecular forms were sympatric but no M/S hybrids were detected. The ace-1R mutation was found in both S and M molecular forms with frequency from 3.6 to 12%. Although the homozygous resistant genotype was the most prevalent genotype among survivors, the genotypes could not entirely explain the bioassay results.ConclusionEvidence of bendiocarb resistance in An. gambiae populations is a clear indication that calls for the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies. The ace-1R mutation could not entirely explain the resistance to bendiocarb observed and is h

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Beneficiaries’ perceptions and reported use of unconditional cash transfers intended to prevent acute malnutrition in children in poor rural communities in Burkina Faso: qualitative results from the MAM’Out randomized controlled trial

  Audrey Tonguet-Papucci, Freddy Houngbe, Palamanga Lompo, Wambi Maurice Evariste Yameogo, Jean-François Huneau, Myriam Ait Aissa, Patrick Kolsteren

  BackgroundAcute malnutrition is a public health issue worldwide, and particularly in the Eastern region of Burkina Faso. Following a needs assessment, unconditional seasonal, multiannual cash transfers were implemented as a safety net to prevent childhood undernutrition. The objectives of this study were to explore the types of purchases made by beneficiaries of this cash transfer program and to understand the perceived effects of and changes induced by regular cash transfers in the daily lives of women, and at the household and community level.MethodsThe design of this study was a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Qualitative data were collected each month during the cash transfer period for two years, leading to a total of more than 300 interviews and focus group discussions with various participants: beneficiary mothers, heads of households, mothers-in-law, co-wives, key members of the community, and participants of the control group.ResultsThe two main types of expenses reported were food and health care for the child and the whole family. The program was also associated with positive perceived changes at the household level, mainly related to gender equality and improvement of women’s status, and has promoted an increase in dignity and social integration of the poorest at the community level through cash sharing. Unexpected effects of this program included some women planning new pregnancies and some individuals not expecting the transfers to end.ConclusionAlthough the transfers were unconditional, the cash was mainly used to improve the children’s and households’ food security and health, which correspond to two main underlying causes of undernutrition. Therefore, spending mainly in these areas can help to prevent undernutrition in children.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01866124, registered May 7, 2013.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4453-y) contains supplementary ma

  PédiatrieGynécologie-obstétriqueSanté publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid

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• Lien vers la sourceMémoire

  Besoins et attentes des médecins généralistes de la Somme pour la prise en charge palliative de leurs patients en ambulatoire dans la perspective de l'ouverture d'un hôpital de jour de médecine palliative

  Marc Duchateau

  Introduction : les soins palliatifs représentent un domaine en pleine évolution, au centre de nombreux débats éthiques et sociétaux. Le plan décennal 2024-2034, visant à renforcer le développement des soins palliatifs au niveau national, met en avant plusieurs initiatives, dont la création d'hôpitaux de jour (HDJ) de médecine palliative. Un tel projet est en cours de réalisation dans le département de la Somme. L'objectif principal de notre étude était d'identifier les besoins et attentes des médecins généralistes de la Somme concernant la prise en charge palliative de leurs patients en ambulatoire, dans la perspective de l'ouverture de cet HDJ de médecine palliative. Matériel et méthodes : nous avons mené une étude observationnelle, descriptive, quantitative, et transversale à l'aide d'un questionnaire numérique anonyme adressé aux médecins généralistes de la Somme. Résultats : au total, 94 questionnaires ont été analysés. 96,8% des répondants étaient favorables à l'ouverture d'un HDJ de médecine palliative. Les 3 attentes principales étaient la gestion des symptômes, l'accès facilité et la coordination des soins. Discussion : cette étude met en lumière l'accueil favorable et les attentes élevées concernant l'ouverture du futur HDJ de médecine palliative, dans un contexte où la couverture actuelle des soins palliatifs dans la Somme reste mitigée. Les résultats révèlent un besoin de soutien dans la gestion des situations complexes, associé à une demande d'accès facilité et d'une meilleure coordination des soins. Ces attentes traduisent l'espoir d'une amélioration significative de la prise en charge palliative dans le département. Conclusion : ce travail de recherche laisse penser que l'ouverture d'un HDJ de médecine palliative dans la Somme porte avant même sa création beaucoup d'attentes et d'intérêt par les médecins généralistes du département notamment pour la gestion des symptômes et pour la coordination des soins, le tout à travers un accès facilité.

  SémiologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesMédecine interne (cardiologie, endocrinologie, néphrologie…)Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Best of du 2e congrès de la Société sénégalaise de pathologie infectieuse et tropicale (SOSEPIT), Dakar 28 au 30 avril 2025

  Aminata MASSALY, Agbogbenkou Tevi Dela Dem LAWSON, Moustapha DIOP, Maimouna SIDIBE, Aboubacar Sadikh BADIANE, Ndeye Maguette FALL, Daouda THIOUB, Kourro BOUSSO, Aminata THIAM, Alassane DIEYE, Kalilou DIALLO, Viviane Marie Pierre CISSE, Daye KA, Ndeye Aissatou LAKHE, Khardiata DIALLO-MBAYE, Pape Samba BA, Ndèye Fatou Ngom GUEYE, Louise FORTES, Noël Magloire MANGA, Sylvie Audrey DIOP, Khadidiatou Maïmouna BA FALL, Moussa SEYDI, Loïc EPELBOIN, Ndeye Mery DIA BADIANE

  Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cet article en libre accès est distribué selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 ().

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  Best-bet integrated strategies for containing drug-resistant trypanosomes in cattle

  Erick O Mungube, Oumar Diall, Maximilian PO Baumann, Antje Hoppenheit, Barbara Hinney, Burkhard Bauer, Yousouf Sanogo, Brehima Maiga, Karl-Hans Zessin, Thomas F Randolph, Peter-Henning Clausen

  BackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the rearing of productive livestock in the sub-humid Sudan-Sahel zone of West Africa where cotton is grown. Trypanosomosis is mainly controlled using trypanocidal drugs, but the effective use of drugs is threatened by the development of widespread resistance. This study tested integrated best-bet strategies for containment and/ or reversal of trypanocide resistance in villages in south-east Mali where resistance has been reported.MethodsFour sentinel villages each from an intervention area (along the road from Mali to Burkina Faso) and a control area (along the road from Mali to Côte d’Ivoire) were selected for the study. Tsetse control was based on deltamethrin-treated stationary attractive devices and targeted cattle spraying between March 2008 and November 2009. Trypanosome-positive cattle were selectively treated with 3.5 mg/kg diminazene aceturate. Strategic helminth control using 10 mg/kg albendazole was also undertaken. During the intervention, tsetse densities along drainage lines, trypanosome infections and faecal egg counts in risk cattle (3 to 12 months of age) were monitored.ResultsCatch reductions of 66.5 % in Glossina palpalis gambiensis and 90 % in G. tachinoides were observed in the intervention area. Trypanosome prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the intervention area (2.3 %; 1.3-3.6 %) compared to the control area (17.3 %; 14.8-20.1 %). Albendazole treatment resulted in a faecal egg count reduction of 55.6 % and reduced trypanosome infection risk (2.9 times lower than in the placebo group) although not significantly (p > 0.05). Further studies are required before confirming the existence of albendazole resistant strongyles in the study area.ConclusionIntegration of best-bet strategies in areas of multiple drug-resistance is expected to reduce trypanosome infection risk thus contributing to containment of trypanocidal drug resistance. Integrated best-bet strategies could

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Parasitologie et mycologieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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