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  Comparaison des phénotypes camelins de Mauritanie aux écotypes d'Afrique et d'Asie

  Abdel Kerim M. Diop, Mohamed S. Chrif Ahmed, Mohamed B. Biya, Mohamed Lemine Haki, Gaukhar Konuspayeva, Bernard Faye

  Afin d'évaluer la diversité phénotypique caméline en Mauritanie, des mensurations corporelles ont été réalisées sur 131 chamelles adultes amenées à l'abattoir de Nouakchott, animaux en provenance de l'ensemble du territoire mauritanien. En moyenne les mensurations corporelles ont été (en cm) de 51,5 ± 2,0 (longueur de la tête), 21,5 ± 1,5 (largeur de la tête), 108,4 ± 6,6 (longueur du cou), 65,6 ± 4,9 (tour du cou), 184,7 ± 8,1 (hauteur au garrot), 197,8 ± 8,2 (tour de poitrine), 147,1 ± 9,3 (longueur du corps) et 76,8 ± 5,2 (tour de cuisse). Par classification automatique, il a été possible d'identifier cinq phénotypes allant des animaux de petite taille, au petit gabarit et au cou fin et court, à des animaux longilignes de grande taille en passant par des gabarits de taille moyenne se distinguant par la grosseur de la tête ou des membres. Comparés aux données de la littérature, ces phénotypes apparaissent très proches des races décrites dans les pays du Maghreb et plus globalement des races africaines, et s'opposent aux races asiatiques, plus grandes et plus productives. La variabilité des phénotypes mauritaniens s'est avérée de faible ampleur, ce qui peut s'expliquer par la position de la Mauritanie, à l'extrémité occidentale de l'aire de répartition du dromadaire en Afrique, zone de brassage génétique important avec de faibles divergences rendues possibles par la topographie du pays.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison des résultats chirurgicaux, esthétiques et sexuels de deux techniques de vulvo-vaginoplastie d'affirmation de genre

  Florine Bleuse

  Contexte : la vaginoplastie par inversion pénienne (PIV) est le gold standard de la chirurgie génitale d'affirmation de genre féminisante (fem-GAS). La vaginoplastie par lambeau péritonéal assisté par robot (RPGAV) constitue une alternative prometteuse, mais peu de données comparent les deux techniques sur les complications, dimensions néo-vaginales et résultats fonctionnels et sexuels. Méthodes : cohorte rétrospective monocentrique au Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Rennes, 2022–2025. Les complications sont classées selon clavien-dindo, les dimensions néo-vaginales mesurées par les dilatateurs, la sténose est définie par des critères cliniques et métriques (< 9 cm) et la fonction sexuelle évaluée par l'operated Male-to-Female Sexual Function Index (oMtFSFI). Résultats : 94 patientes incluses (RPGAV n=21, PIV n=73). Les temps opératoire, pertes sanguines et séjour hospitalier sont comparables. Les complications sont fréquentes mais majoritairement mineures (clavien 1–2 : 71,3 %) sans différence inter-groupe, hormis les urétrorragies (14,3 % vs 1,4 % ; p=0,034). Les profondeurs sont équivalentes en précoce (126,5 vs 123,2 mm) et tardif (125,0 vs 120,3 mm). La sténose structurelle globale est de 13,8 %. La récupération sensitive est plus tardive (clitoris p=0,009 ; vagin p=0,011) et des dyspareunies précoces moins fréquentes en RPGAV (9,5 % vs 43,8 % ; p=0,004). La satisfaction sexuelle est de 84,4 %, sans différence inter-groupe. L'insatisfaction perçue des dimensions était associée à la dysfonction sexuelle (p<0,001), indépendamment de la profondeur mesurée. Conclusion : RPGAV et PIV offrent sécurité, dimensions et résultats sexuels équivalents. La perception subjective des dimensions prime sur la mesure objective. Une standardisation des critères facilitera les comparaisons inter-études.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieSémiologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison des résultats réfractifs post-opératoires de chirurgie de cataracte avec calculs d'implants toriques obtenus par la mesure de la kératométrie totale : True Net Power (Oculus Pentacam®) versus Total Keratometry (Zeiss IOL Master 700®)

  Thibaut Escargueil

  Contexte : l'implantation torique au cours de la chirurgie de la cataracte est aujourd'hui le gold standard du traitement de l'astigmatisme chez la personne âgée. Le topographe Pentacam ainsi que le biomètre IOL Master 700 permettent la mesure de la kératométrie, élément nécessaire au calcul de la puissance torique de l'implant. Objectifs : évaluer les résultats réfractifs postopératoires de chirurgie de la cataracte avec implantation torique avec calcul d'implant utilisant les mesures de la kératométrie totale du IOL Master 700® (Total Keratometry, TK) ou celles du Pentacam® (True Net Power, TNP). Design : étude prospective randomisée monocentrique réalisée au CHU d'Amiens. Matériel et Méthodes : 76 yeux de 59 patients ont été inclus. Les analyses de l'astigmatisme résiduel postopératoire, l'acuité visuelle sans correction et le calcul de la différence vectorielle entre l'astigmatisme attendu et obtenu ont été effectués. Résultats : aucune différence significative n'a été retrouvée au cours des différentes analyses entre le TK du IOL Master 700® et le TNP du Pentacam® : - Astigmatisme résiduel subjectif avec TK : 0.63D (+/-0.40D déviation standard (DS)) et TNP : 0.75D (+/- 0.43D DS) (p=0.237). - Acuité visuelle non corrigé avec TK : 0.106 Log MAR (LM) contre TNP : 0.107 LM (p=0.956). - Index de puissance de BLUR de la DV avec TK : 0.46D (+-0.351D déviation standard (DS)) et TNP : 0.45D (+- 0.613D déviation standard (DS)), p=0.973. Conclusion : les résultats de l'utilisation de la Total keratometry sont comparables à ceux du True Net Power pour les calculs des implants toriques au cours de la chirurgie de la cataracte.

  SémiologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesMédecine interne (cardiologie, endocrinologie, néphrologie…)Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison des séquences génomiques pour la surveillance épidémiologique et l’investigation d’épidémies : 3 approches complémentaires

  François Gravey, Sylvain Brisse

  BiochimieBiologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison des tests MoCA et BEARNI dans l'évaluation des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie

  Sandy Walesa

  Introduction : les patients souffrant de schizophrénie présentent des atteintes cognitives liées à leur trouble psychiatrique. Cependant, ces atteintes cognitives peuvent être aggravées par la consommation d'alcool, pourvoyeuse également d'altérations de la cognition. Peu d'études ont évalué ces troubles cognitifs à l'aide d'outils de pratique clinique tels que l'évaluation cognitive de Montréal (MoCA) ou le Brief Screening Tool for Alcohol-Related Neuropsychological Impairments (BEARNI). L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaluer prospectivement la présence de troubles cognitifs liés au trouble d'usage lié à l'alcool (TLUA) chez des patients souffrant de schizophrénie, à l'aide des tests BEARNI et MoCA. Méthodes : 39 patients atteints de schizophrénie présentant un TLUA SCZ/OH+ (n= 32 hommes, âge moyens 44,9 ± 11,0) et 49 témoins atteints de schizophrénie sans TLUA SCZ/OH-(n= 32 hommes, âge moyen 42,6 ± 11,4) inclus prospectivement dans l'étude ont été évalués à l'aide du test BEARNI et du MoCA. Le principal critère d'évaluation de l'étude était la différence entre les scores cognitifs BEARNI et MoCA entre les groupes SCZ/OH+ et SCZ/OH-. Résultats : les scores moyens au BEARNI total et BEARNI cognitif étaient significativement plus faibles dans le groupe SCZ/OH+ par rapport au groupe SCZ/OH- (respectivement t=1,8, p<0,03 et t=2,0, p<0,04). Les sous-scores moyens de la mémoire verbale différée, de l'ordination alphabétique et de la fluence verbale alternée étaient également significativementplus faibles (respectivement t= 2,5, p< 0,01 ; t= 1,6, p< 0,04 ; t= 1,8, p<0,03). Nous n'avons pas retrouvé de différences significatives entre les scores moyens au MoCA du groupe SCZ/OH+ et SCZ/OH-. Conclusion : dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence la capacité du BEARNI à évaluer la présence de troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie, contrairement au MoCA. Cependant, à comparaison de performance entre ces deux tests à l'aide d'échelles

  SémiologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesMédecine interne (cardiologie, endocrinologie, néphrologie…)Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison du parcours de soins des patients avec un trouble schizophrénique résistant et ultra-résistant sur la base de facteurs socio-démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques : étude préliminaire

  Maud Cocheteux

  Introduction : les troubles schizophréniques résistants (SRT) et ultra-résistants (SURT) représentent un enjeu majeur de santé publique. L'identification de facteurs associés à ces situations, notamment les données d'anamnèse et thérapeutiques médicamenteuses et non médicamenteuses pourraient permettre de mieux repérer et prendre en soins les personnes les plus à risque. Pourtant peu d'études ont comparé le parcours de soins entre SRT et SURT. L'objectif de notre travail était d'analyser et comparer le parcours de soins entre un groupe de patient SRT et un groupe de patients SURT. Matériel et Méthodes : 31 dossiers ont été inclus avec 9 patients SRT et 22 patients SURT. Des données concernant le parcours de soins ont été analysées et comparées entre les deux groupes. Résultats : les patients SURT ont tendance à avoir un parcours de soins plus précoce et un retard de prescription de clozapine comparés aux patients SRT. La qualité de vie des patients SURT était supérieure aux patients SRT. Conclusion : nos résultats allaient dans le sens d'une différence en terme de parcours de soins entre les patients ultra-résistants et résistants. De futures études devraient être réalisées avec des échantillons plus importants et un groupe contrôle afin d'infirmer ou de confirmer notre hypothèse et ainsi d'améliorer l'identification des facteurs associés à la résistance et l'ultra-résistance et de pouvoir proposer des stratégies thérapeutiques adaptées aux personnes les plus à risque.

  Microbiologie (bactériologie, virologie)PharmacologieSémiologieLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparaison du traitement endovasculaire et du traitement chirurgical dans les lésions fémorales superficielles étendues : expérience rétrospective monocentrique

  Louis Houze de l'Aulnoit

  Introduction : l'objectif était de comparer la survie sans amputation de membre des patients ayant bénéficié d'une revascularisation de l'artère fémorale superficielle pour une lésion d'au moins 15cm, selon le traitement proposé. Matériel et méthodes : il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective monocentrique ayant inclus les procédures chirurgicales par traitement endovasculaire et par pontage pour des lésions TASC C et D de janvier 2012 à décembre 2017. Les données pré opératoires, scanographiques et post opératoires ont été recueillies. Le critère de jugement principal était le taux d'amputation majeure. Les critères secondaires étaient la perméabilité primaire, primaire assistée et secondaire. Résultats : 280 procédures ont été retenues, dont 242 par pontage et 38 par traitement endovasculaire. Le suivi médian était de 49.5 mois. Le taux d'amputation majeure était de 23% dans le groupe pontage et 18% dans le groupe endovasculaire. Il n'existait pas de différence significative entre les groupes pour la survie sans amputation majeure à 5 ans (73.4% vs 88.4% ; p=0.13). Aucune différence significative n'a été retrouvé pour les perméabilités primaire, primaire assistée entre les deux groupes. Une lésion supérieure à 25cm était un facteur de risque indépendant d'amputation majeure (OR=1.93 [1.06 – 3.61] ; p=0.035), de même qu'un faible diamètre d'artère saine d'aval (OR=0.95 [0.92 – 0.99] ; p=0.013) et un antécédent de chirurgie vasculaire des membres inférieurs (OR=2.28 [1.23 – 4.41] ; p=0.011). Conclusion : aucune différence n'a été retrouvée en termes d'amputation de membre et de perméabilité entre les deux traitements. Une lésion supérieure à 25cm est un facteur de risque indépendant d'amputation.

  SémiologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesMédecine interne (cardiologie, endocrinologie, néphrologie…)Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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  Comparative Analysis of Iron Homeostasis in Sub-Saharan African Children with Sickle Cell Disease and Their Unaffected Siblings

  Selma Gomez, Aïssatou Diawara, Elias Gbeha, Philip Awadalla, Ambaliou Sanni, Youssef Idaghdour, M. Cherif Rahimy

  Iron is an essential trace element subject to tight regulation to ensure adequate running of biological processes. In sub-Saharan Africa where hemoglobinopathies are common, iron homeostasis is likely to be impaired by these conditions. Here, we assessed and compared key serum proteins associated with iron metabolism between sub-Saharan African children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and their unaffected siblings. Complete blood counts and serum concentrations of four key proteins involved in iron regulation (ferritin, transferrin, sTfR, and hepcidin) were measured for 73 children with SCD and 68 healthy siblings in Benin, West Africa. We found significant differences in concentration of transferrin, sTfR, and ferritin between the two groups. Hepcidin concentrations were found at unusually high concentrations but did not differ among the two groups. We found a significant negative correlation between hepcidin levels and both MCH and MCV in the SCD group and report that sTfR concentrations show a correlation with MCV and MHC in opposite directions in the two groups. These results highlight the unusually high levels of hepcidin in the Beninese population and the patterns of differential iron homeostasis taking place under SCD status. These results lay the foundation for a systematic evaluation of the underlying mechanisms deregulating iron homeostasis in populations with SCD or high prevalence of iron deficiency.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieHématologiePédiatrieLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in

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  Comparative Analysis of Old-Age Mortality Estimations in Africa

  BackgroundSurvival to old ages is increasing in many African countries. While demographic tools for estimating mortality up to age 60 have improved greatly, mortality patterns above age 60 rely on models based on little or no demographic data. These estimates are important for social planning and demographic projections. We provide direct estimations of older-age mortality using survey data.MethodsSince 2005, nationally representative household surveys in ten sub-Saharan countries record counts of living and recently deceased household members: Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. After accounting for age heaping using multiple imputation, we use this information to estimate probability of death in 5-year intervals (5qx). We then compare our 5qx estimates to those provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) to estimate the differences in mortality estimates, especially among individuals older than 60 years old.FindingsWe obtained information on 505,827 individuals (18.4% over age 60, 1.64% deceased). WHO and UNPD mortality models match our estimates closely up to age 60 (mean difference in probability of death -1.1%). However, mortality probabilities above age 60 are lower using our estimations than either WHO or UNPD. The mean difference between our sample and the WHO is 5.9% (95% CI 3.8–7.9%) and between our sample is UNPD is 13.5% (95% CI 11.6–15.5%). Regardless of the comparator, the difference in mortality estimations rises monotonically above age 60.InterpretationMortality estimations above age 60 in ten African countries exhibit large variations depending on the method of estimation. The observed patterns suggest the possibility that survival in some African countries among adults older than age 60 is better than previously thought. Improving the quality and coverage of vital information in developing countries will become increasingly

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieSanté publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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  Comparative analysis of time-based and quadrat sampling in seasonal population dynamics of intermediate hosts of human schistosomes

  BackgroundDespite their importance for designing and evaluating schistosomiasis control trials, little attention in the literature has been dedicated to sampling protocols for the parasite’s snail intermediate hosts since their first development. We propose a comparative analysis of time-based and quadrat sampling protocols to quantify the seasonal variations in the abundance of these aquatic snail species of medical importance.Methodology/Principal findingsSnail populations were monitored during 42 consecutive months in three types of habitats (ephemeral pond, ephemeral river and permanent stream) in two sites covering different climatic zones in Burkina Faso. We employed both a widely used time-based protocol of 30min of systematic collection at a weekly interval, and a quadrat protocol of 8 replicates per sample at a monthly interval. The correspondence between the two protocols was evaluated using an ensemble of statistical models including linear and saturating-type functional forms as well as allowing for count zero-inflation. The quadrat protocol yielded on average a relative standard error of 40%, for a mean snail density of 16.7 snails/m2 and index of dispersion of 1.51. Both protocols yielded similar seasonal patterns in snail abundance, confirming the asynchrony between permanent and ephemeral habitats with respect to the country’s seasonal rainfall patterns. Formal model comparison of the link between time vs. quadrat counts showed strong support of saturation for the latter and measurement zero-inflation, providing important evidence for the presence of density feedbacks in the snail’s population dynamics, as well as for spatial clustering.Conclusions/SignificanceIn addition to the agreement with the time-based method, quadrat sampling provided insight into snail population dynamics and comparable density estimates across sites. The re-evaluation of these “traditional” sampling protocols, as well as the correspondence between their outputs, is of practi

  Parasitologie et mycologieSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution License This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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  Comparative efficacy of two pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide nets (Olyset Plus and PermaNet 3.0) against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors: a non-inferiority assessment

  Corine Ngufor, Josias Fagbohoun, Abel Agbevo, Hanafy Ismail, Joseph D. Challenger, Thomas S. Churcher, Mark Rowland

  BackgroundPyrethroid-PBO nets were conditionally recommended for control of malaria transmitted by mosquitoes with oxidase-based pyrethroid-resistance based on epidemiological evidence of additional protective effect with Olyset Plus compared to a pyrethroid-only net (Olyset Net). Entomological studies can be used to assess the comparative performance of other brands of pyrethroid-PBO ITNs to Olyset Plus.MethodsAn experimental hut trial was performed in Cové, Benin to compare PermaNet 3.0 (deltamethrin plus PBO on roof panel only) to Olyset Plus (permethrin plus PBO on all panels) against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Both nets were tested unwashed and after 20 standardized washes compared to Olyset Net. Laboratory bioassays were also performed to help explain findings in the experimental huts.ResultsWith unwashed nets, mosquito mortality was higher in huts with PermaNet 3.0 compared to Olyset Plus (41% vs. 28%, P < 0.001). After 20 washes, mortality declined significantly with PermaNet 3.0 (41% unwashed vs. 17% after washing P < 0.001), but not with Olyset Plus (28% unwashed vs. 24% after washing P = 0.433); Olyset Plus induced significantly higher mortality than PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Net after 20 washes. PermaNet 3.0 showed a higher wash retention of PBO compared to Olyset Plus. A non-inferiority analysis performed with data from unwashed and washed nets together using a margin recommended by the WHO, showed that PermaNet 3.0 was non-inferior to Olyset Plus in terms of mosquito mortality (25% with Olyset Plus vs. 27% with PermaNet 3.0, OR = 1.528, 95%CI = 1.02–2.29) but not in reducing mosquito feeding (25% with Olyset Plus vs. 30% with PermaNet 3.0, OR = 1.192, 95%CI = 0.77–1.84). Both pyrethroid-PBO nets were superior to Olyset Net.ConclusionOlyset Plus outperformed PermaNet 3.0 in terms of its ability to cause greater margins of improved mosquito mortality compared to a stan

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Parasitologie et mycologieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as

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  Comparative evaluation of plasma biomarkers of Schistosoma haematobium infection in endemic populations from Burkina Faso

  Infection with Schistosoma haematobium causes urogenital disease associated with organ disfunction, bleeding, pain, and higher susceptibility to infections and cancer. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for prompt and appropriate treatment as well as surveillance efforts, and the use of plasma biomarkers offers important advantages over parasitological examination of urine, including increased sensitivity and the possibility to use the same specimen for multiple investigations. The present study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of different plasma biomarkers in endemic populations from Burkina Faso, West Africa. Schistosoma spp. Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA), cell free S. haematobium DNA (cfDNA), class M and G antibodies against S. haematobium Soluble Worm Antigen Preparation (SWAP) and Soluble Egg Antigen (SEA) were measured in 406 plasma samples. Results of each biomarker test were compared to those of CAA, a Composite Reference Standard (CRS) and Latent Class Analysis (LCA). An identical proportion of positive samples (29%) was observed as a result of CAA and cfDNA testing, with a substantial agreement (84%, Cohen k = 0.62) between the results of the two tests, and a comparable agreement with the results of CRS and LCA. A higher positivity was observed, as expected, as a result of specific antibody testing (47%-72%), with IgG showing a higher agreement than IgM with the three references. Also, higher IgG levels were observed in current vs past infection, and ROC analysis identified optimal cutoff values for improved testing accuracy. This study provides compelling evidence that can inform the choice of the most appropriate diagnostic plasma biomarker for urogenital schistosomiasis in endemic areas, depending on the purpose, context, and available resources for testing. Either CAA or cfDNA testing can be used for the diagnosis of patients and for epidemiological investigations, even in absence of urine filtration microscopy, whereas anti-SWAP o

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution License This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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  Comparative Genomics of Environmental and Clinical Burkholderia cenocepacia Strains Closely Related to the Highly Transmissible Epidemic ET12 Lineage

  Josselin Bodilis, Elodie Denet, Elisabeth Brothier, Arnault Graindorge, Sabine Favre-Bonté, Sylvie Nazaret

  The Burkholderia cenocepacia epidemic ET12 lineage belongs to the genomovar IIIA including the reference strain J2315, a highly transmissible epidemic B. cenocepacia lineage. Members of this lineage are able to cause lung infections in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. In this study, we describe the genome of F01, an environmental B. cenocepacia strain isolated from soil in Burkina Faso that is, to our knowledge, the most closely related strain to this epidemic lineage. A comparative genomic analysis was performed on this new isolate, in association with five clinical and one environmental B. cenocepacia strains whose genomes were previously sequenced. Antibiotic resistances, virulence phenotype, and genomic contents were compared and discussed with an emphasis on virulent and antibiotic determinants. Surprisingly, no significant differences in antibiotic resistance and virulence were found between clinical and environmental strains, while the most important genomic differences were related to the number of prophages identified in their genomes. The ET12 lineage strains showed a noticeable greater number of prophages (partial or full-length), especially compared to the phylogenetically related environmental F01 strain (i.e., 5–6 and 3 prophages, respectively). Data obtained suggest possible involvements of prophages in the clinical success of opportunistic pathogens.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal i

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  Comparative Genomics of Environmental and Clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains with Different Antibiotic Resistance Profiles

  Benjamin Youenou, Sabine Favre-Bonté, Josselin Bodilis, Elisabeth Brothier, Audrey Dubost, Daniel Muller, Sylvie Nazaret

  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a ubiquitous Gram-negative γ-proteobacterium, has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. A major characteristic of clinical isolates is their high intrinsic or acquired antibiotic resistance level. The aim of this study was to decipher the genetic determinism of antibiotic resistance among strains from different origins (i.e., natural environment and clinical origin) showing various antibiotic resistance profiles. To this purpose, we selected three strains isolated from soil collected in France or Burkina Faso that showed contrasting antibiotic resistance profiles. After whole-genome sequencing, the phylogenetic relationships of these 3 strains and 11 strains with available genome sequences were determined. Results showed that a strain’s phylogeny did not match their origin or antibiotic resistance profiles. Numerous antibiotic resistance coding genes and efflux pump operons were revealed by the genome analysis, with 57% of the identified genes not previously described. No major variation in the antibiotic resistance gene content was observed between strains irrespective of their origin and antibiotic resistance profiles. Although environmental strains generally carry as many multidrug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps as clinical strains, the absence of resistance–nodulation–division (RND) pumps (i.e., SmeABC) previously described to be specific to S. maltophilia was revealed in two environmental strains (BurA1 and PierC1). Furthermore the genome analysis of the environmental MDR strain BurA1 showed the absence of SmeABC but the presence of another putative MDR RND efflux pump, named EbyCAB on a genomic island probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Comparative Nutritional and Physicochemical Profiling of Five Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Varieties Cultivated in Burkina Faso

  Since its introduction to Burkina Faso, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has become a promising crop for diversifying cereal-based diets in a context marked by food insecurity, childhood malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. This study compared five quinoa varieties (Titicaca, Psankalla, Puno, Negra Colana, and Salcedo Inia) cultivated in Burkina Faso, with emphasis on their relevance to human nutrition. Therefore, physicochemical parameters, proximate composition, amino acid profiles, and mineral composition were determined. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among varieties for most parameters. Salcedo Inia exhibited the highest energy value (372.56 kcal/100 g), while Titicaca exhibited the greatest protein content (17.89 g/100 g) and lipid content (5.82 g/100 g). Psankalla and Puno presented favorable essential amino acid profiles, including lysine, supporting their potential use in cereal-based complementary foods. Negra Colana exhibited the highest crude fiber content (9.66 g/100 g) and the highest concentrations of several minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, suggesting potential relevance for dietary strategies to improve micronutrient intake. The swelling behavior of selected quinoa varieties also suggests their suitability for soft, rehydrated formulations suitable for vulnerable populations. In general, Burkina Faso-cultivated quinoa varieties demonstrated promising nutritional attributes that could support dietary diversification, improve protein quality, and increase mineral intake. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically compare the nutritional profiles of five quinoa varieties cultivated under Sahelian agroecological conditions. Beyond its relevance for Burkina Faso, this study provides novel evidence on the expression of genotype-dependent nutritional traits in quinoa outside traditional production regions, supporting climate-resilient crop diversification and the development of quinoa-bas

  PédiatrieSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the.

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  Comparative physiological plasticity to desiccation in distinct populations of the malarial mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

  K. Hidalgo, D. Siaussat, V. Braman, K. R. Dabiré, F. Simard, K. Mouline, D. Renault

  BackgroundIn West Africa, populations of the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii, are seasonally exposed to strong desiccating conditions during the dry season. Their dynamics strictly follows the pace of the availability of suitable larval development sites (water collections). Accordingly, mosquitoes can reproduce all year long where permanent breeding is possible, or stop reproduction and virtually disappear at the onset of the dry season when surface water dries up, like observed in temporary habitats of dry savannah areas. This highlights the strong adaptive abilities of this mosquito species, which relies at least in part, upon physiological and molecular mechanisms of specific signatures.MethodsHere, we analysed a range of physiological and molecular responses expressed by geographically different populations of An. coluzzii inhabiting permanent and temporary breeding sites from the north and the south-west of Burkina Faso. Four mosquito colonies, namely (i) Oursi, built from females breeding in permanent habitats of the north; (ii) Déou, from temporary northern habitats; (iii) Soumousso from south-western temporary breeding sites; and (iv) Bama, from permanent habitats of the same south-western zone, were reared in climatic chambers under contrasted environmental conditions, mimicking temperature, relative humidity and light regimen occurring in northern Burkina Faso. Female mosquitoes were analysed for the seasonal variation in their amounts of proteins, triglycerides and free-circulating metabolites. The expression level of genes coding for the adipokinetic (AKH-I) and the AKH/corazonin-related peptides (ACP) were also assessed and compared among populations and environmental conditions.ResultsOur analysis did not reveal an apparent pattern of physiological and molecular variations strictly correlated with either the larval ecotype or the geographical origin of the mosquitoes. However, specific distinct responses were observed among populations, su

  Parasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesSanté publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid

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  Comparative Study of Malaria Prevalence among Travellers in Nigeria (West Africa) Using Slide Microscopy and a Rapid Diagnosis Test

  T. V. Dougnon, H. S. Bankole, Y. M. G. Hounmanou, S. Echebiri, P. Atchade, J. Mohammed

  Malaria is a major disease in Africa and leads to various public health problems. A study was carried out at the Aviation Medical Clinic Laboratory, Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria, in 2014. The work aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria among patients attending the laboratory. Blood samples were therefore collected from 51 patients and subjected to both blood smear microscopy and a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test (SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag) for detection of, respectively, malaria parasites and antigens. At the end of the study, 22% of the patients were detected positive by the microscopic examination while 9.8% were tested positive when using SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag. The outcomes of the study show a high prevalence of malaria at the airport. This represents a serious risk factor leading to a high likelihood of spread and occurrence of malaria in other countries including Western countries whereby the disease is nonendemic. It also pointed out that the blood smear microscopy seems to be better than Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) for malaria diagnosis.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieImmunologieLicence : This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Comparative study of meningitis dynamics across nine African countries: a global perspective

  Hélène Broutin, Solenne Philippon, Guillaume Constantin de Magny, Marie-Françoise Courel, Benjamin Sultan, Jean-François Guégan

  BackgroundMeningococcal meningitis (MM) represents an important public health problem especially in the "meningitis belt" in Africa. Although seasonality of epidemics is well known with outbreaks usually starting in the dry season, pluri-annual cycles are still less understood and even studied. In this context, we aimed at study MM cases time series across 9 sahelo-sudanian countries to detect pluri-annual periodicity and determine or not synchrony between dynamics. This global and comparative approach allows a better understanding of MM evolution in time and space in the long-term.ResultsWe used the most adapted mathematical tool to time series analyses, the wavelet method. We showed that, despite a strong consensus on the existence of a global pluri-annual cycle of MM epidemics, it is not the case. Indeed, even if a clear cycle is detected in all countries, these cycles are not as permanent and regular as generally admitted since many years. Moreover, no global synchrony was detected although many countries seemed correlated.ConclusionThese results of the first large-scale study of MM dynamics highlight the strong interest and the necessity of a global survey of MM in order to be able to predict and prevent large epidemics by adapted vaccination strategy. International cooperation in Public Health and cross-disciplines studies are highly recommended to hope controlling this infectious disease.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)ImmunologieLicence : This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Comparison between Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease of Sub-Saharan African Origin Born in Metropolitan France and in Sub-Saharan Africa

  Vasco Honsel, Djamal Khimoud, Brigitte Ranque, Lucile Offredo, Laure Joseph, Jacques Pouchot, Jean-Benoît Arlet

  Sickle cell disease (SCD) prevalence has increased rapidly in Europe as a result of an increase in the life expectancy of these patients and the arrival of SCD migrants from Africa. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypes of adult patients born in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) who migrated to France with those of patients with the same origin who were born in France. This single-center observational study compared the demographic, clinical and biological characteristics of SCD adult patients of SSA origin who were born in France or SSA. Data were collected from computerized medical charts. Groups were compared using multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for age, gender and type of SCD. Of the 323 SCD patients followed in our center, 235 were enrolled, including 111 patients born in France and 124 patients born in SSA. SCD genotypes were balanced between groups. Patients born in Africa were older (median age 32.1 (24.4–39) vs. 25.6 (22.1–30.5) years, p < 0.001) and more often women (n = 75 (60.5%) vs. 48 (43.2%), p = 0.008). The median age at arrival in France was 18 years (13–23). The median height was lower among patients born in SSA (169 (163–175) vs. 174.5 cm (168–179), p < 0.001). Over their lifetimes, patients born in France had more acute chest syndromes (median number 2 (1–4) vs. 1 (0–3), p = 0.002), with the first episode occurring earlier (19 (11.6–22.3) vs. 24 (18.4–29.5) years, p < 0.007), and were admitted to intensive care units more often (53.3% vs. 34.9%, p = 0.006). This difference was more pronounced in the SS/Sβ0 population. Conversely, patients born in SSA had more skin ulcers (19.4% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.03). No significant differences were found in social and occupational insertion or other complications between the two groups. Patients born in SSA had a less severe disease phenotype regardless of their age than those born in France. This difference could be related to a survival bias occurring in Africa during childhood and migration

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieHématologiePédiatrieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ().

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  Comparison of a New Multiplex Immunoassay for Measurement of Ferritin, Soluble Transferrin Receptor, Retinol-Binding Protein, C-Reactive Protein and α1-Acid-glycoprotein Concentrations against a Widely-Used s-ELISA Method

  Crystal D. Karakochuk, Amanda M. Henderson, Kaitlyn L. I. Samson, Abeer M. Aljaadi, Angela M. Devlin, Elodie Becquey, James P. Wirth, Fabian Rohner

  Recently, a multiplex ELISA (Quansys Biosciences) was developed that measures ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), retinol-binding protein (RBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), thyroglobulin, and histidine-rich protein 2. Our primary aim was to conduct a method-comparison study to compare five biomarkers (ferritin, sTfR, RBP, CRP, and AGP) measured with the Quansys assay and a widely-used s-ELISA (VitMin Lab, Willstaett, Germany) with use of serum samples from 180 women and children from Burkina Faso, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Bias and concordance were used to describe the agreement in values measured by the two methods. We observed poor overall agreement between the methods, both with regard to biomarker concentrations and deficiency prevalence estimates. Several measurements were outside of the limit of detection with use of the Quansys ELISA (total n = 42 for ferritin, n = 2 for sTfR, n = 0 for AGP, n = 5 for CRP, n = 22 for RBP), limiting our ability to interpret assay findings. Although the Quansys ELISA has great potential to simplify laboratory analysis of key nutritional and inflammation biomarkers, there are some weaknesses in the procedures. Overall, we found poor comparability of results between methods. Besides addressing procedural issues, additional validation of the Quansys against a gold standard method is warranted for future research.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieImmunologiePédiatrieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ().

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  Comparison of all-cause and malaria-specific mortality from two West African countries with different malaria transmission patterns

  Robert P Ndugwa, Heribert Ramroth, Olaf Müller, Momodou Jasseh, Ali Sié, Bocar Kouyaté, Brian Greenwood, Heiko Becher

  BackgroundMalaria is a leading cause of death in children below five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. All-cause and malaria-specific mortality rates for children under-five years old in a mesoendemic malaria area (The Gambia) were compared with those from a hyper/holoendemic area (Burkina Faso).MethodsInformation on observed person-years (PY), deaths and cause of death was extracted from online search, using key words: "Africa, The Gambia, Burkina Faso, malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, mortality, child survival, morbidity". Missing person-years were estimated and all-cause and malaria-specific mortality were calculated as rates per 1,000 PY. Studies were classified as longitudinal/clinical studies or surveys/censuses. Linear regression was used to investigate mortality trends.ResultsOverall, 39 and 18 longitudinal/clinical studies plus 10 and 15 surveys and censuses were identified for The Gambia and Burkina Faso respectively (1960–2004). Model-based estimates for under-five all-cause mortality rates show a decline from 1960 to 2000 in both countries (Burkina Faso: from 71.8 to 39.0), but more markedly in The Gambia (from 104.5 to 28.4). The weighted-average malaria-specific mortality rate per 1000 person-years for Burkina Faso (15.4, 95% CI: 13.0–18.3) was higher than that in The Gambia (9.5, 95% CI: 9.1–10.1). Malaria mortality rates did not decline over time in either country.ConclusionChild mortality in both countries declined significantly in the period 1960 to 2004, possibly due to socio-economic development, improved health services and specific intervention projects. However, there was little decline in malaria mortality suggesting that there had been no major impact of malaria control programmes during this period. The difference in malaria mortality rates across countries points to significant differences in national disease control policies and/or disease transmission patterns.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Comparison of entomological impacts of two methods of intervention designed to control Anopheles gambiae s.l. via swarm killing in Western Burkina Faso

  Simon P. Sawadogo, Abdoulaye Niang, Sean L. Wu, Azize A. Millogo, Jane Bonds, Mark Latham, Roch K. Dabiré, Allison Tatarsky, Frederic Tripet, Abdoulaye Diabaté

  Outdoor biting constitutes a major limitation of current vector control based primarily on long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying, both of which are indoor interventions. Consequently, malaria elimination will not be achieved unless additional tools are found to deal with the residual malaria transmission and the associated vector dynamics. In this study we tested a new vector control approach for rapidly crashing mosquito populations and disrupting malaria transmission in Africa. This method targets the previously neglected swarming and outdoor nocturnal behaviors of both male and female Anopheles mosquitoes. It involved accurate identification and targeted spraying of mosquito swarms to suppress adult malaria vector populations and their vectorial capacities. The impact of targeted spraying was compared to broadcast spraying and evaluated simultaneously. The effects of the two interventions were very similar, no significant differences between targeted spraying and broadcast spraying were found for effects on density, insemination or parity rate. However, targeted spraying was found to be significantly more effective than broadcast spraying at reducing the number of bites per person. As expected, each intervention had a highly significant impact upon all parameters measured, but the targeted swarm spraying required less insecticide.

  Parasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesSanté publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original autho

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  Comparison of forages’ digestion levels for different in vitro digestion techniques in horses

  Kanber Kara, Abdullah Altınsoy

  Licence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the terms of theLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Comparison of Gestational Age Assessment Methods in the Second and Third Trimesters: Evaluating Alternative Approaches Against Ultrasound in Urban Burkina Faso

  Background: Accurate determination of gestational age by way of ultrasound is challenging in resource-limited settings like Burkina Faso, leading to the use of alternative methods, though their accuracy and agreement remain poorly established. This practice leads to inadequate risk assessment during pregnancy and failure to identify preterm birth, potentially contributing to high neonatal mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to determine the agreement among alternative methods for gestational age estimation and the Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement (AMANHI) method in Burkina Faso. Methods: Data were obtained from a prospective cohort study involving pregnant women in the second or third trimester in Bobo-Dioulasso to evaluate the agreement of last menstrual period (LMP), symphysis-fundal height (SFH), Dubowitz, Hadlock, and AMAHNI methods to estimate gestational age. The degree of agreement was assessed using the Bland–Altman method and intraclass correlation coefficients. The AMANHI method, validated for late pregnancy, was used as the reference standard. Results: A total of 768 pregnant women were included in the analysis. Plots showed a lack of agreement between the AMANHI method and all other methods, with 95% limits of agreement ranging from −7.6 to +9.8 weeks. Additionally, the incidence of preterm birth was consistently higher when assessed using the alternative methods compared with the AMANHI method. Conclusions: The clinical methods (SFH, LMP, Dubowitz) disagree with the ultrasound methods (AMANHI, Hadlock), but the ultrasound methods produce more similar results. The routine application of other methods is likely to result in an overestimation of preterm birth incidence compared with AMANHI. These findings highlight the urgent need to improve access to obstetric ultrasound and to provide comprehensive training in the application of the AMANHI method for accurate late-term gestational age estimation in Burkina Faso.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologiePédiatrieGynécologie-obstétriqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ().

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