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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of good review practices of seven countries participating in the ECOWAS medicines regulatory harmonisation initiative: identifying opportunities for improvement

  Mercy Owusu-Asante, Delese Mimi Darko, Seth Seaneke, Aminata Nacoulma, Oula Ibrahim Olivier Traore, Christianah Mojisola Adeyeye, Abayomi Akinyemi, Coulibaly Assane, Clarisse Épse Kaul Meledje Clamoungou, Oumy Kalsoum Ndao, Rokhaya Ndiaye Kande, James Komeh, Sheku Mansaray, Dalkoi Lamboni, Maheza Agba, Stuart Walker, Sam Salek

  IntroductionWhen implemented by national and regional regulatory agencies good review practices (GRevPs) support the timely high-quality review of medicines for enhanced patients’ availability to safe, quality and efficacious innovative and generic products. It is important that all aspects of GRevPs are continuously evaluated and updated to promote the continuous improvement of regulatory systems at national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the GRevPs of the national medicines regulatory agencies (NMRAs) of Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, who are active participants of the ECOWASMRH initiative to identify opportunities for improvement.MethodsThe Optimising Efficiencies in Regulatory Agencies questionnaire, was completed by each of the NMRAs, which facilitates the assessment of GRevPs, which in turn affect the regulatory review processes.ResultsExcept for Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria which are autonomous, the other five NMRAs operate within the administrative structure of their respective Health Ministry, to regulate medical products for human use, medical devices and diagnostics. Apart from Togo, the agencies receive partial funding from their governments as well as from regulatory fees. Population in the seven countries ranges from 8.6 million to 211.4 million. All the NMRAs had measures in place to achieve quality in their review processes, although there were some remaining initiatives related to transparency and communication, continuous improvement and training and education, to be implemented. Of the ten quality decision-making practices Ghana had implemented nine into a framework, Togo eight, Cote d’Ivoire seven, Nigeria six, and Burkina Faso five; while Sierra Leone has partially implemented all ten and Senegal had not implemented any of the quality decision-making practices.ConclusionThe study compared the organisation, GRevPs and quality decision-making processes of the NMRAs th

  Santé publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journa

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of knowledge on stroke for stroke patients and the general population in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

  Christy Pu, Jiun-Yu Guo, Yu-Hua-Yeh, Placide Sankara

  BackgroundIn many parts of Africa, there is limited information on awareness of symptoms of stroke, risk factors for stroke and willingness for stroke prevention, both in the general population and in people with stroke. Knowledge and preventive efforts for stroke in patients with a history of the illness are rarely investigated. This study aims to investigate awareness of stroke symptoms in stroke patients who were admitted to hospitals within 72 hours of a confirmed stroke event in Burkina Faso. This study also aims to investigate preventive behavior for stroke for the general population.MethodsFace-to-face interviews were conducted with the participants. The sample included 110 first-time stroke patients who had been admitted to one of three tertiary teaching hospitals in Burkina Faso within 72 hours and 750 participants from the general population, who were recruited through clustered sampling. Knowledge of stroke warning signs and current and future efforts on stroke prevention were also assessed.ResultsOnly 30.9% of the stroke patients believed that they were at risk before the stroke episode. Obvious warning signs were unfamiliar to both groups. Only 1.3% of the respondents from the general population group knew sudden weakness face arm or leg as a sign of stroke. For all future efforts in stroke prevention, stroke patients demonstrated significantly lower willingness to undertake behavioral changes than the general population. Sixty-six percent and 85% of the stroke patients and the general population, respectively, were willing to take steps to reduce blood pressure.ConclusionPublic education on stroke warning signs and strategies to increase willingness to engage in preventive behaviors are urgent in African countries. Strategies to improve public awareness for developing countries such as Burkina Faso should be designed differently from that of developed countries to incorporate local beliefs.

  Santé publiqueLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ()

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of molecular quantification of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by Pfs25 qRT-PCR and QT-NASBA in relation to mosquito infectivity

  Helmi Pett, Bronner P. Gonçalves, Alassane Dicko, Issa Nébié, Alfred B. Tiono, Kjerstin Lanke, John Bradley, Ingrid Chen, Halimatou Diawara, Almahamoudou Mahamar, Harouna M. Soumare, Sekou F. Traore, Ibrahima Baber, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Robert Sauerwein, Joelle Brown, Roly Gosling, Ingrid Felger, Chris Drakeley, Teun Bousema

  BackgroundQuantifying gametocyte densities in natural malaria infections is important to estimate malaria transmission potential. Two molecular methods (Pfs25 mRNA quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and Pfs25 mRNA quantitative nucleic acid sequence based amplification (QT-NASBA)) are commonly used to determine gametocyte densities in clinical and epidemiological studies and allow gametocyte detection at densities below the microscopic threshold for detection. Here, reproducibility of these measurements and the association between estimated gametocyte densities and mosquito infection rates were compared.MethodsTo quantify intra- and inter-assay variation of QT-NASBA and qRT-PCR, a series of experiments was performed using culture-derived mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from three different parasite isolates (NF54, NF135, NF166). Pfs25 mRNA levels were also determined in samples from clinical trials in Mali and Burkina Faso using both methods. Agreement between the two methods and association with mosquito infection rates in membrane feeding assays were assessed.ResultsIntra- and inter-assay variability was larger in QT-NASBA compared to qRT-PCR, particularly at low gametocyte densities (< 1 gametocyte per μL). Logistic models, including log-transformed gametocytaemia estimated by QT-NASBA, explained variability in mosquito feeding experiment results as well as log-transformed gametocytaemia by qRT-PCR (marginal R2 0.28 and 0.22, respectively). Densities determined by both methods strongly correlated with mosquito infection rates [Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, 0.59 for qRT-PCR and 0.64 for QT-NASBA (P < 0.001 for both)]. Gametocyte densities estimated by qRT-PCR were higher than levels estimated by QT-NASBA or light microscopy at high densities (>100 gametocyte per μL). Samples collected in one of the two transmission studies had extremely low gametocyte densities by both molecular methods, which is suggestive of RNA degradation due t

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of nutritional, bioactive potential and antioxidant properties of Saba senegalensis fruit pulps from five regions of Burkina Faso

  Salamata Tiendrebeogo, Clarisse Sidbewendé Compaoré, Raymond Poussian Barry, Edwige Bahanla Oboulbiga, Mamoudou Hama Dicko

  IntroductionThe fruit of Saba senegalensis plays an important role in household nutrition. It is an important source of sweet carbohydrates, minerals, vitamin C, provitamin A and has many biological properties. It is also of economical importance and employment for rural populations, through the processing of fruit. Unfortunately, the lack of exhaustive data on the composition and properties of the fruit and its derivatives limits processing and marketing. The species is widespread in different climatic zones.MethodsTherefore, its composition and biological properties may vary, offering a variety of processing products to meet the specific nutritional needs. This study aimed to characterize the bioactive potential and antioxidant properties of fruit pulps of S. senegalensis in order to increase its value-added processing. Pulp samples of fruits were sampled from five regions of Burkina Faso, namely the Cascades, Sud-Ouest, Boucle du Mouhoun, Nord and Centre-Sud regions.Results and DiscussionQualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and steroids, anthocyanins and tannins. Quantitative analyses showed a significant variation in phenolics, tannins, lycopene, vitamin C, β-carotene and antioxidant activity among samples. However, this variation was not region-dependent. Indeed, some fruits from same region showed both the highest and lowest values for the assessed parameters. Fruits from regions of Centre-Sud and Sud-Ouest and displayed the highest and lowest levels of total phenolics (877.48 and 1142.33 mg GAE/100 g) and tannins (42.38 and 55.64 mg TAE/100 g), respectively. The high potential of S. senegalensis fruits pulp in nutritional and bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties recorded in this study suggests that they can be used as a dietary supplement or in the formulation of energy foods and nutraceutical containing foods.

  Santé publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journa

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of performance between Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory Kit and the CDC global reference laboratory for influenza rRT‐PCR panel for detection of influenza A and influenza B

  Assana Cissé, Jennifer Milucky, Abdoul Kader Ilboudo, Jessica L. Waller, Brice Bicaba, Isaïe Medah, Sara Mirza, Cynthia G. Whitney, Zekiba Tarnagda

  AbstractBackgroundReliable diagnostics are a key to identifying influenza infections.ObjectivesOur objectives were to describe the detection of influenza among severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases, to compare test results from the Fast Track Diagnostics (FTD) Kit for influenza detection to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) human influenza virus detection and characterization panel, and to assess seasonality of influenza in Burkina Faso.MethodsNasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens from SARI cases (hospitalized patients with fever, cough, and onset in the previous 10 days) were tested using the FTD‐33 Kit and the CDC rRT‐PCR influenza assays. We assessed sensitivity and specificity of the FTD‐33 Kit for detecting influenza A, influenza B, and the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain using the CDC human influenza rRT‐PCR panel as the gold standard.ResultsFrom December 2016 to February 2019, 1706 SARI cases were identified, 1511 specimens were tested, and 211 were positive for influenza A (14.0%) and 100 for influenza B (6.6%) by either assay. Higher influenza circulation occurred between November and April with varying peaks of influenza A and influenza B. Sensitivity of the FTD‐33 assay was 91.9% for influenza A, 95.7% for influenza B, and 93.8% for A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype. Specificity was over 99% for all three tests.ConclusionsOur study indicates that Burkina Faso has one peak of influenza each year which is similar to the Northern Hemisphere and differs from other countries in West Africa. We found high concordance of influenza results between the two assays indicating FTD‐33 can be used to reliably detect influenza among SARI cases.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueSanté publiqueLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the terms of theLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of Proximate and Phytonutrient Compositions of Cashew Nuts and Apples from Different Geographical Areas of Burkina Faso

  Roger Dakuyo, Kiessoun Konaté, Abdoudramane Sanou, Kabakdé Kaboré, Hemayoro Sama, David Bazié, Mamounata Diao, Mamoudou Hama Dicko

  The cashew plant is an allogamous plant that produces two types of fruits: the nut and the cashew apple. The present study was conducted to perform a comparison of proximate and phytonutrient compositions of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts and apples from different geographical areas of Burkina Faso. For this purpose, 60 samples of apples and kernels were collected from the three main cashew cultivation areas. The nutritional potential of cashew nuts and apples produced was evaluated to enhance their food processing. Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, dietary fibers, ascorbic acid, tannins, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, lycopene, and β-carotene contents were assessed. The results revealed high contents of lipids (50.42 ± 2.3 g/100 gDW), proteins (22.32 + −1.8 g/100 gDW), and starch (12.05 ± 1.27 g/100 g DW) in almonds. Apples, on the other hand, are rich in lipids, ascorbic acid (387.45 ± 17.4 mg/100 g), soluble sugars (387.45 ± 17.4 mg/100 g,), and pigments (lycopene, anthocyanin, β-carotene, and chlorophyll). In summary, almonds may be suitable as a source of lipids and related products. Apples can be used as natural antioxidants and produce juices. All of these data are important clues for cashew by-product processing. These results obtained provide a scientific basis for their food and economical valorization of cashew fruits.

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of surveillance methods applied to a situation of low malaria prevalence at rural sites in The Gambia and Guinea Bissau

  Judith Satoguina, Brigitte Walther, Christopher Drakeley, Davis Nwakanma, Eniyou C Oriero, Simon Correa, Patrick Corran, David J Conway, Michael Walther

  BackgroundHealth record-based observations from several parts of Africa indicate a major decline in malaria, but up-to-date information on parasite prevalence in West-Africa is sparse. This study aims to provide parasite prevalence data from three sites in the Gambia and Guinea Bissau, respectively, and compares the usefulness of PCR, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), serology and slide-microscopy for surveillance.MethodsCross-sectional surveys in 12 villages at three rural sites were carried out in the Gambia and Guinea Bissau in January/February 2008, shortly following the annual transmission season.ResultsA surprisingly low microscopically detectable parasite prevalence was detected in the Gambia (Farafenni: 10.9%, CI95%: 8.7-13.1%; Basse: 9.0%, CI95%: 7.2-10.8%), and Guinea Bissau (Caio: 4%, CI95%: 2.6-5.4%), with low parasite densities (geometric mean: 104 parasites/μl, CI95%: 76-143/μl). In comparison, PCR detected a more than three times higher proportion of parasite carriers, indicating its usefulness to sensitively identify foci where malaria declines, whereas the RDT had very low sensitivity. Estimates of force of infection using age sero-conversion rates were equivalent to an EIR of approximately 1 infectious bite/person/year, significantly less than previous estimates. The sero-prevalence profiles suggest a gradual decline of malaria transmission, confirming their usefulness in providing information on longer term trends of transmission. A greater variability in parasite prevalence among villages within a site than between sites was observed with all methods. The fact that serology equally captured the inter-village variability, indicates that the observed heterogeneity represents a stable pattern.ConclusionPCR and serology may be used as complementary tools to survey malaria in areas of declining malaria prevalence such as the Gambia and Guinea Bissau.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of the review models and regulatory timelines of seven countries participating in the ECOWAS-MRH initiative: identifying opportunities for improvement

  Mercy Owusu-Asante, Delese Mimi Darko, Seth Seaneke, Aminata Nacoulma, Oula Ibrahim Olivier Traore, Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye, Abayomi Akinyemi, Coulibaly Assane, Clarisse Épse Kaul Meledje Clamoungou, Oumy Kalsoum Ndao, Rokhaya Ndiaye Kande, James Komeh, Sheku Mansaray, Dalkoi Lamboni, Maheza Agba, Sam Salek, Stuart Walker

  IntroductionNational regulatory medicines authorities (NRAs) are mandated to ensure timely access to high-quality, safe and efficacious medical products, primarily achieved through a marketing authorisation procedure established in each country. The aim of this study which was similar to that carried out in the SADC and EAC regions, was to assess and compare the review models and regulatory timelines of seven of the national medicines regulatory authorities (NRAs) of the Economic Community of West African States-Medicines Regulatory Harmonization (ECOWAS- MRH) initiative, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, in order to identify opportunities for improvement. The NRAs were included in the study based on their active participation in the regional initiative.MethodsThe Optimising Efficiencies in Regulatory Agencies (OpERA) questionnaire was completed by each of the NRAs to facilitate the assessment of the review models and regulatory timelines.ResultsThe authorities employ the three types of scientific review models, verification review (type 1), abridged review (type 2) and full review (type 3). Five of the NRAs deploy the fast track/priority review model in which a rapid assessment is carried out to obtain pharmacological, marketing/commercialisation, pharmacovigilance and additional clinical trial information. In Cote d’Ivoire, the priority review is used by the authority for WHO-prequalified medicines and stringent regulatory authority-approved medicines. Data requirements for the applications are essentially the same among the seven authorities. Applicants are required to provide a completed dossier in the common technical document format to support an application for marketing authorisation irrespective of the review model. Differences were noted with regard to comparison of the key features of the regulatory systems for medicines: as previously mentioned, five of the authorities required submission of a CPP with the appli

  PharmacologieSanté publiqueLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journa

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Comparison of the standard WHO susceptibility tests and the CDC bottle bioassay for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors and their correlation with biochemical and molecular biology assays in Benin, West Africa

  Nazaire Aïzoun, Razaki Ossè, Roseric Azondekon, Roland Alia, Olivier Oussou, Virgile Gnanguenon, Rock Aikpon, Gil Germain Padonou, Martin Akogbéto

  BackgroundThe detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of Anopheles vectors is absolutely necessary for malaria control. In the African region, the WHO insecticide susceptibility test is the most common method for assessing resistance status. In order to search for a simple, rapid and more reliable technique in the assessment of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, we compared the WHO tests with the CDC bottle bioassay in the Ouemé province of southern Benin where insecticide resistance has been widely reported.MethodsLarvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Ouemé. WHO and CDC susceptibility tests were conducted simultaneously on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2–5 days old. WHO bioassays were performed with impregnated papers of deltamethrin (0.05%) and bendiocarb (0.1%), whereas CDC bioassays were performed with stock solutions of deltamethrin (12.5 μg per bottle) and bendiocarb (12.5 μg per bottle). PCR techniques were used to detect species, Kdr and Ace-1 mutations. CDC biochemical assays using synergists were also conducted to assess the metabolic resistance.ResultsA slight decrease in mortality rates was observed with 97.95% and 98.33% obtained from CDC and WHO bioassays respectively in populations of mosquitoes from Adjara and Dangbo. PCR revealed that all specimens tested were Anopheles gambiae s.s. The Kdr mutation was found at high frequency in all populations and both the Kdr mutation and mono-oxygenase enzymes were implicated as mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae from Misserete.ConclusionThis study emphasizes that both WHO and CDC bioassays give similar results with regards to the susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides in southern Benin. There were complementarities between both methods, however, some specificity was noted for each of the two methods used. Both Kdr and metabolic mechanisms were implicated in the resistance.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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• Article libreArticleEn anglais

  Compartmental models for seasonal hyperendemic bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt

  T. Koutangni, P. Crépey, M. Woringer, S. Porgho, B. W. Bicaba, H. Tall, J. E. Mueller

  The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the seasonal dynamic and epidemic occurrence of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt remain unknown. Regular seasonality (seasonal hyperendemicity) is observed for both meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis and understanding this is critical for better prevention and modelling. The two principal hypotheses for hyperendemicity during the dry season imply (1) an increased risk of invasive disease given asymptomatic carriage of meningococci and pneumococci; or (2) an increased transmission of these bacteria from carriers and ill individuals. In this study, we formulated three compartmental deterministic models of seasonal hyperendemicity, featuring one (model1-‘inv’ or model2-‘transm’), or a combination (model3-‘inv-transm’) of the two hypotheses. We parameterised the models based on current knowledge on meningococcal and pneumococcal biology and pathophysiology. We compared the three models' performance in reproducing weekly incidences of suspected cases of acute bacterial meningitis reported by health centres in Burkina Faso during 2004–2010, through the meningitis surveillance system. The three models performed well (coefficient of determination R2, 0.72, 0.86 and 0.87, respectively). Model2-‘transm’ and model3-‘inv-transm’ better captured the amplitude of the seasonal incidence. However, model2-‘transm’ required a higher constant invasion rate for a similar average baseline transmission rate. The results suggest that a combination of seasonal changes of the risk of invasive disease and carriage transmission is involved in the hyperendemic seasonality of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Consequently, both interventions reducing the risk of nasopharyngeal invasion and the bacteria transmission, especially during the dry season are believed to be needed to limit the recurrent seasonality of bacterial meningitis in the meningitis belt.

  Microbiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Maladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Compétences des couples en matière de planification familiale en post-partum immédiat dans le District de Santé de Biyem-Assi, Cameroun

  Nadia Maguiassué Téfouet, Marius Zambou Vouking, Marie-José Essi

  IntroductionLa planification familiale en post-partum immédiat reste encore peu connue et peu pratiquée par la plupart des couples au Cameroun. Pourtant, juste après un accouchement, nombreux sont ceux qui désirent différer la naissance de leur prochain enfant. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer le niveau de compétences et le besoin éducationnel des couples en matière de planification familiale en post-partum immédiat dans le District de Santé de Biyem-Assi.MéthodesIl s'agissait de mener une enquête CAP (connaissances, attitudes et pratiques), dans le District de Santé de Biyem-Assi. La collecte des données s'est faite à l'aide de deux questionnaires de 40 questions chacun, rédigés en français, l'un adressé aux femmes en couple et en post-partum et l'autre aux hommes en couple et ayant au moins un enfant. Les données recueillies ont été saisies dans le logiciel CSPro version 6.2, puis analysées à l'aide du logiciel SPSS version 20.0.RésultatsUn total de 300 individus a été interrogé avec un sex-ratio de 1. Plus de la moitié (56,7%) avait une connaissance approximative de la planification familiale en post-partum immédiat. Pour 36% des répondants, le post-partum immédiat n'était pas un moment approprié pour l'utilisation d'une méthode contraceptive moderne, l'interaction entre contraceptifs et lait maternel (65,4%) et l'infertilité de la femme (26,3%) étaient les principales raisons évoquées. Les pratiques contraceptives en post-partum immédiat de 60,5% des couples vivant dans le District de Santé de Biyem-Assi étaient inadéquates. Par conséquent, la plupart des enquêtés avaient un niveau de compétences insuffisant (32,6%) et faible (23,3%) en matière de planification familiale en post-partum immédiat.ConclusionCertains préjugés et de fausses idées persistent dans la population du District de Santé de Biyem-Assi en ce qui concerne les méthodes contraceptives modernes, et constituent un frein à la pratique contraceptive en général et en post-partum immédiat

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologiePédiatrieGynécologie-obstétriqueLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Competitiveness and survival of two strains of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in an urban area of Senegal

  BackgroundIn the Niayes area, located in the west of Senegal, only one tsetse species, Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (Diptera: Glossinidae) was present. The Government of Senegal initiated and implemented an elimination programme in this area that included a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The G. p. gambiensis strain (BKF) mass-reared at the Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES) in Burkina Faso was used for the SIT component.Methodology/principal findingsStudies conducted in 2011 in four localities in the Niayes area (Pout, Sébikotane, Diacksao Peul and the Parc de Hann) showed that the BKF strain demonstrated inferior survival in the ecosystem of the Parc de Hann, a forested area in the city centre of the capital Dakar. Therefore, G. p. gambiensis flies from the Niayes area (SEN strain) were colonized. Here we compared the competitiveness and survival of the two strains (BKF and SEN) in the Parc de Hann. Released sterile males of the SEN colony showed a daily mortality rate of 0.08 (SD 0.08) as compared with 0.14 (SD 0.08) for the BKF flies but the difference was not significant (p-value = 0.14). However, the competitiveness of the SEN males was lower (0.14 (SD 0.10)) as compared with that of the BKF males (0.76 (SD 0.11)) (p-value < 10−3).Conclusions/significanceBased on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the BKF strain will remain the main strain to be used in the elimination programme. Despite the slightly longer survival of the SEN males in the Parc de Hann, the superior competitiveness of the BKF males is deemed more important for the SIT component, as their shorter survival rates can be easily compensated for by more frequent fly releases. Author summarySenegal is one of the many African countries infested by tsetse flies responsible for the transmission of trypanosomes to humans and animals, causing health and economic losses. In the Niayes area, located in the west of S

  Santé publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution License This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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  Complementary school garden, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to improve children’s nutrition and health status in Burkina Faso and Nepal: a study protocol

  Séverine Erismann, Akina Shrestha, Serge Diagbouga, Astrid Knoblauch, Jana Gerold, Ramona Herz, Subodh Sharma, Christian Schindler, Peter Odermatt, Axel Drescher, Ray-yu Yang, Jürg Utzinger, Guéladio Cissé

  BackgroundMalnutrition and intestinal parasitic infections are common among children in Burkina Faso and Nepal. However, specific health-related data in school-aged children in these two countries are scarce. In the frame of a larger multi-stakeholder project entitled “Vegetables go to School: Improving Nutrition through Agricultural Diversification” (VgtS), a study has been designed with the objectives to: (i) describe schoolchildren’s health status in Burkina Faso and Nepal; and to (ii) provide an evidence-base for programme decisions on the relevance of complementary school garden, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions.Methods/DesignThe studies will be conducted in the Centre Ouest and the Plateau Central regions of Burkina Faso and the Dolakha and Ramechhap districts of Nepal. Data will be collected and combined at the level of schools, children and their households. A range of indicators will be used to examine nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and WASH conditions in 24 schools among 1144 children aged 8–14 years at baseline and a 1-year follow-up. The studies are designed as cluster randomised trials and the schools will be assigned to two core study arms: (i) the ‘complementary school garden, nutrition and WASH intervention’ arm; and the (ii) ‘control’ arm with no interventions. Children will be subjected to parasitological examinations using stool and urine samples and to quality-controlled anthropometric and haemoglobin measurements. Drinking water will be assessed for contamination with coliform bacteria and faecal streptococci. A questionnaire survey on nutritional and health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) will be administered to children and their caregivers, also assessing socioeconomic, food-security and WASH conditions at household level. Focus group and key-informant interviews on children’s nutrition and hygiene perceptions and behaviours will be conducted with their caregivers and school personnel

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologiePédiatrieLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid

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  Complete Coding Sequences of Two Dengue Virus Type 2 Strains Isolated from an Outbreak in Burkina Faso in 2016

  Cécile Baronti, Géraldine Piorkowski, Franck Touret, Rémi Charrel, Xavier de Lamballerie, Antoine Nougairede

  ABSTRACTWe report here the complete coding sequences of two strains of dengue virus type 2, isolated in France from patients returning from Burkina Faso in November 2016. Both strains (cosmopolitan genotype) are almost identical (99.91% nucleotide identity) and closely related to a strain circulating in Burkina Faso in 1983.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the.

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  Complete excision of a large pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm

  Rudolph Darko, Frank Edwin, Jehoram Anim

  Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours localized to the pancreas and amenable to complete surgical resection are rarely reported. In West Africa, such patients present too late for surgery to be considered. In the reported case, a patient with persistent epigastric pain underwent a computed tomographic examination which led to the discovery of a large (6cm x 5cm) localized tumour in the body and tail of the pancreas. Complete resection of the tumour was performed. Histological examination showed a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour without capsular invasion. Adjuvant chemotherapy was deemed unnecessary. The patient remains symptom free 2 years after the procedure with no evidence on subsequent imaging of tumour recurrence. Although extremely rare, large pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours may still be amenable to complete excision.

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Complete Genome Sequence of a New Chickpea Chlorotic Dwarf Virus Strain Isolated from Tomato in Kenya, Obtained from Illumina Sequencing

  High-throughput sequence analysis revealed the complete genome sequence of a novel, hitherto uncharacterized strain of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) from tomato plants in Kenya. The sequence shared its highest nucleotide similarity (88.7%) with two CpCDV isolates from Burkina Faso. ABSTRACTHigh-throughput sequence analysis revealed the complete genome sequence of a novel, hitherto uncharacterized strain of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) from tomato plants in Kenya. The sequence shared its highest nucleotide similarity (88.7%) with two CpCDV isolates from Burkina Faso.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the.

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  Complete genome sequences of two Gelderlandvirus and one Chivirus bacteriophage from Burkina Faso wastewater, lytic against a foodborne Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae isolate

  ABSTRACTWe report the genome sequences of three double-stranded DNA phages, from the Gelderlandvirus and Chivirus genera, isolated from wastewater in Burkina Faso, infecting a foodborne Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae isolate. Their genomes range from 59,952 to 161,888 bp, with a G+C content of 36.93–56.6% and 86–273 predicted coding sequences.

  Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueImmunologieLicence : Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the.

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  Completion of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2021–2023: A cross-sectional analysis of routine data

  BackgroundRabies remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, where completion of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is essential to prevent fatal outcomes. Large-scale programmatic evidence from francophone West Africa remains limited.Material and MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analytical study using routine data from the Ouagadougou Anti-Rabies Center between 2021 and 2023. Among 8,220 patients receiving rabies prophylaxis, 8,063 (98.1%) received PEP and were included in the analytical component. Completion was defined according to clinical practice, including full vaccination or medically advised discontinuation following risk assessment. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with PEP completion. Dose-specific default patterns were also analyzed.ResultsOverall, 60.2% of patients completed PEP, with a decline from 77% in 2021 to 37% in 2023, coinciding with a documented vaccine stockout. Male sex (aOR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.81–0.98) and age 15–25 years (aOR=0.82; 95% CI: 0.69–0.97) were associated with lower completion. Urban residence was associated with higher completion in the main model (aOR=1.22), although this effect varied significantly by year (interaction p=0.001).ConclusionPEP completion in Ouagadougou is primarily driven by socio-demographic and structural factors rather than exposure severity. Early dropout represents a critical intervention point. Strengthening access, decentralizing services, and improving follow-up are essential to enhance completion in endemic settings. Author summaryRabies is a preventable but almost invariably fatal disease once symptoms appear. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), consisting of timely rabies vaccination after a suspected exposure, is highly effective when completed according to recommendations. However, many patients in endemic countries do not complete the full course of treatment, increasing their risk of disease and reducing the effectiveness of rabie

  ImmunologieSanté publiqueLicence : Creative Commons Attribution License This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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  Complexité de prise en charge d’une macrodactylie au niveau de la main: entre préjudice esthétique et fonctionnel

  Mouna Ejjiyar, Saloua Ettalbi

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Compliance of young children with ITN protection in rural Burkina Faso

  Claudia Frey, Corneille Traoré, Manuela De Allegri, Bocar Kouyaté, Olaf Müller

  BackgroundInsecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are known to be highly effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. The effectiveness of ITNs is largely influenced by behavioural factors and not much is known regarding such factors under programme conditions.MethodsThis descriptive study was nested into a large ITN effectiveness study in rural Burkina Faso. During two cross-sectional surveys in the dry and rainy season of 2003, random samples of young children from nine representative villages (n = 180 per survey) were investigated for compliance with ITN protection and related behaviour. Data were collected through direct observations and through interviews with mothers.ResultsITNs were perceived as very important for protection against mosquitoes and malaria particularly during the rainy season, but there were problems with their use during the dry season. Young children usually slept with their mother under the ITN and self-reported compliance was 66% and 98% during dry and rainy season, respectively (confirmed by direct observation in 34% and 79%, respectively). Important reasons for low compliance during the dry season were high temperatures inside houses and problems related to changing sleeping places during the night.ConclusionUnder programme conditions, compliance with ITN protection in young children is sufficient during the rainy season, but is rather low during the hot and dry season. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on information/education efforts to make people aware of the fact that the risk of contracting malaria may persist throughout the year.

  Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Compliance With Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing by Community Health Workers in 3 Malaria-Endemic Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa: An Observational Study

  Jan Singlovic, IkeOluwapo O. Ajayi, Jesca Nsungwa-Sabiiti, Mohamadou Siribié, Armande K. Sanou, Ayodele S. Jegede, Catherine O. Falade, Luc Sermé, Zakaria Gansane, Chinenye Afonne, Vanessa Kabarungi, Josephine Kyaligonza, Joëlle Castellani, Max Petzold, Melba Gomes

  Background. The World Health Organization recommends that all malaria management be based on parasitological identification. We monitored performance of trained community health workers (CHWs) in adhering to this recommendation to restrict artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT)–confirmed cases in children in 3 malaria-endemic sub-Saharan African countries.Methods. In 33 villages in Burkina Faso, 45 villages in Nigeria, and 84 villages in Uganda, 265 CHWs were trained over a minimum of 3 days to diagnose malaria using RDTs (prepare, read, record results, and inform the patient about results) and treat RDT-confirmed uncomplicated malaria cases with ACTs. In Nigeria, CHWs were also taught to obtain a thick blood smear. Spent RDT kits and prepared blood slides were collected and interpreted independently in Burkina Faso and Nigeria to confirm CHWs' diagnoses. Interviews were held with 12 of 17 CHWs who prescribed ACTs for patients with RDT-negative test results, and with 16 of 29 caregivers to determine factors related to noncompliance.Results. Of 12 656 patients treated with ACTs in the participating countries (5365 in Burkina Faso, 1648 in Nigeria, and 5643 in Uganda), 29 patients (8 from Burkina Faso, 17 from Nigeria, 4 from Uganda) were RDT negative. The small number of RDT-negative ACT-treated cases limits statistical analysis. Only a few CHWs were involved, and they were more likely to be traders rather than farmers (odds ratio [OR], 6.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09–18.07; P = .0004). RDT-negative children who were treated with ACTs had a significantly higher probability of residing in a village other than that of the CHW (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.59–9.30; P = .0018). Parental pressure was identified in interviews with parents.Conclusions. Noncompliance with results of RDT tests is relatively rare when CHWs are trained and well supervised.Clinical Trials Registration. ISRCTN13858170.

  Parasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesPédiatrieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any r

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  Complication de prothèse intermédiaire

  Redouane Ouakrim, Mohamed Saleh Berrada

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Complication inhabituelle de la radiothérapie: la perforation cornéenne: à propos d’un cas

  Taha Elghazi, Youssef Omor, Zouheir Hafidi, Amine Eljai, Zakaria Elmoize, Mohammed Afif, Abdellah Amazouzi, Lalla Ouafae Cherkaoui, Rajae Daoudi

  Les complications oculaires post radiques sont fréquentes au cours de l'irradiation des tumeurs de la tête et du cou. Certaines sont bénignes et transitoires, d'autres peuvent être très graves pouvant mettre en jeu la fonction visuelle. Nous discuterons à travers ce cas rare et inhabituel, les différentes manifestations et complications oculaires et surtout cornéenne de la radiothérapie ainsi que les modalités diagnostiques et thérapeutiques d'une perforation cornéenne qui représente une complication redoutable de la radiothérapie.

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  Complication neurologique au cours de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde: tétraparesie par luxation C1-C2

  Mouna Sghir, Sonia Jemni

  Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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