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La bibliothèque des étudiants en santé

Fiches originales, livres libres et ressources de référence, triés par matière et résumés en français.

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9415 ressources

  • Article libreArticle

    Drépanocytose chez l'enfant lushois de 6 à 59 mois en phase stationnaire: épidémiologie et clinique

    Mick Ya Pongombo Shongo, Olivier Mukuku, Toni Kasole Lubala, Augustin Mulangu Mutombo, Gray Wakamb Kanteng, Winnie Sombodi Umumbu, Robert Mbuli Lukamba, Stanislas Okitotsho Wembonyama, Oscar Numbi Luboya

    IntroductionLa drépanocytose constitue un véritable problème de santé publique avec une prévalence importante des formes majeures SS. L'objectif de notre étude est de déterminer le profil épidémiologique et clinique de la drépanocytose chez les homozygotes SS lushois âgés de 6 à 59 mois en phase stationnaire.MéthodesIl s'agit d'une étude descriptive des aspects épidémio-cliniques des enfants drépanocytaires homozygotes SS lushois âgés de 6 à 59 mois en phase inter critique de la maladie. Les paramètres étudiés sont: l’âge, le sexe, le niveau socio-économique, l'origine ethnique, le passé médical (âge et type de la première crise et nombre de transfusion), l'appréciation de l'ictère, la classification de la splénomégalie et la recherche du déficit moteur.RésultatsLa moyenne d’âge est de 39,1±16,3 mois et le sexe féminin était prédominant (53,7%). Les 3/5 de nos patients sont d'un niveau de vie bas et l'ethnie Luba représente 68,3% de cas. L’âge moyen d'apparition de la première crise se situe à 10,1±10,0 mois. La majorité a présenté sa première crise avant d'atteindre l’âge de 12 mois et plus de la moitié a présenté un syndrome pieds-main ou dactylite comme première crise. Le nombre moyen de transfusion est de 2,1 transfusions. La rate était palpable dans 73,2% des cas et l'ictère était observé dans plus de 60% de cas.ConclusionLa drépanocytose reste un véritable problème de santé publique dans notre pays. Faute de dépistage néonatal systématique, le diagnostic est souvent posé en présence d'un signe d'appel. La meilleure connaissance des différents aspects cliniques de la maladie devraient permettre de réduire la mortalité infanto-juvénile.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieHématologiePédiatrieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticle

    Drépanocytose en République Démocratique du Congo: quels sont les obstacles à un traitement par hydroxyurée?

    Benoît Mbiya Mukinayi, Guelord Kalombo Cibeyibeyi, Ghislain Disashi Tumba, Béatrice Gulbis

    Introductionl´hydroxyurée est le seul produit dont l´efficacité a été prouvée pour prévenir les complications de la drépanocytose et approuvé par la « Food and Drug Administration». Pour pouvoir offrir ce traitement aux patients atteints de drépanocytose, il doit être prescrit, disponible et à un prix abordable. L´objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la disponibilité et le coût de l´hydroxyurée sur le marché en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) et comparer les deux aspects entre une ville reculée, à savoir Mbujimayi, et une grande ville, à savoir, Lubumbashi.Méthodesil s´agit d´une étude transversale réalisée dans le cadre d´une enquête face-à-face menée du 1er avril au 1er septembre 2017 auprès de 188 pharmacies congolaises.Résultatshydroxyurée était disponible dans 41/188 (22%) pharmacies participantes, mais plus fréquemment dans celles d´une grande ville que dans celles d´une ville reculée (34/96 contre 7/92). La plupart des patients ont reçu une ordonnance médicale (36/41; 88%). Le prix moyen de l´hydroxyurée était de 15 $ (10 $ à 35 $) pour une boîte de 25 gélules; ce prix est supérieur au pouvoir d´achat de la majorité des patients drépanocytaires. L´hydroxyurée reste encore un produit importé de l´Europe, des États-Unis ou d´Asie.Conclusionl´hydroxyurée est l´un des principaux traitements permettant d´améliorer l´évolution de la maladie chez les patients drépanocytaires. Néanmoins, en République Démocratique du Congo, sa disponibilité pourrait être améliorée, en particulier dans une ville reculée, et son prix reste trop élevé pour être payé par la population locale.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieHématologiePharmacologieLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, p
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  • Article libreArticle

    Dress syndrome secondaire à l’allopurinol

    Youssef Zemmez, Naoufal Hjira

    Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticle

    DRESS syndrome: à propos de trois observations

    Wafa Chebbi, Jihed Souissi, Jihène Chelli, Fatma Larbi, Baha Zantour, Mohamed Habib Sfar

    Le syndrome d'hypersensibilité médicamenteuse ou Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) est une toxidermie rare mais sévère. Nous rapportons trois observations de DRESS syndromes secondaires à la prise de carbamazipine dans deux cas et de salazopyrine dans un cas. Le délai moyen entre la prise médicamenteuse et la survenue du DRESS syndrome était de six semaines. Le médicament incriminé était arrêté d'une façon définitive dans tous les cas. Une corticothérapie par voie générale était instaurée chez tous les patients devant l'atteinte hépatique sévère. L’évolution était favorable avec disparation des lésions cutanées et normalisation du bilan hépatique. Le diagnostic du syndrome DRESS doit être évoqué devant un tableau associant une éruption fébrile et des signes systémiques faisant suite à une prise médicamenteuse. La précocité du diagnostic est fondamentale pour l'arrêt définitif des médicaments suspects. Le traitement n'est pas bien codifié mais repose actuellement sur la corticothérapie générale.

    PharmacologieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Drivers of farmer-managed natural regeneration in the Sahel. Lessons for restoration

    Madelon Lohbeck, Peggy Albers, Laetitia E. Boels, Frans Bongers, Samuel Morel, Fergus Sinclair, Bertin Takoutsing, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Emilie Smith-Dumont

    Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is being promoted for restoration beyond its original range in the Sahel. FMNR involves farmers selecting and managing natural regeneration on their fields, while keeping them under the primary function of agricultural production. However, little is known about what regenerates in different contexts, even though this underlies potential restoration impact. Here we assess how human impact, land degradation and dispersal limitation affect structural and functional properties of regeneration across 316 plots in agroforestry parklands of Ghana and Burkina Faso. We found that intensity of land use (grazing and agricultural practices) and dispersal limitation inhibited regeneration, while land degradation did not. Functional composition of regenerating communities shifted towards shorter statured, small-seeded and conservative strategies with intensity of land use. We conclude that the presence of trees of desired species in the vicinity is a precondition for successfully implementing FMNR for restoration, and that regeneration needs to be protected from grazing. Assessment of regeneration potential is imperative for scaling out FMNR and where natural regeneration will be insufficient to achieve restoration targets, FMNR needs to be complemented with tree planting.

    Santé publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original autho
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa

    Zakaria Bengaly, Sèna Hervé Vitouley, Martin Bienvenu Somda, André Zongo, Assiongbon Têko-Agbo, Giuliano Cecchi, Yahaya Adam, Issa Sidibé, Balé Bayala, Adrien Marie Gaston Belem, Jan Van Den Abbeele, Vincent Delespaux

    BackgroundDiminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsThe results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028).ConclusionsThe high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.

    Microbiologie (bactériologie, virologie)PharmacologieSanté publiqueLicence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provid
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Drug resistance profile and clonality of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Cape Verde: the 2017 malaria outbreak

    Silvania Da Veiga Leal, Daniel Ward, Susana Campino, Ernest Diez Benavente, Amy Ibrahim, Tânia Claret, Varela Isaías, Davidson Monteiro, Taane G. Clark, Luzia Gonçalves, Tomas Valdez, Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça, Henrique Silveira, Fatima Nogueira

    BackgroundCape Verde is an archipelago located off the West African coast and is in a pre-elimination phase of malaria control. Since 2010, fewer than 20 Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases have been reported annually, except in 2017, when an outbreak in Praia before the rainy season led to 423 autochthonous cases. It is important to understand the genetic diversity of circulating P. falciparum to inform on drug resistance, potential transmission networks and sources of infection, including parasite importation.MethodsEnrolled subjects involved malaria patients admitted to Dr Agostinho Neto Hospital at Praia city, Santiago island, Cape Verde, between July and October 2017. Neighbours and family members of enrolled cases were assessed for the presence of anti-P. falciparum antibodies. Sanger sequencing and real-time PCR was used to identify SNPs in genes associated with drug resistance (e.g., pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfmdr1, pfk13, pfcrt), and whole genome sequencing data were generated to investigate the population structure of P. falciparum parasites.ResultsThe study analysed 190 parasite samples, 187 indigenous and 3 from imported infections. Malaria cases were distributed throughout Praia city. There were no cases of severe malaria and all patients had an adequate clinical and parasitological response after treatment. Anti-P. falciparum antibodies were not detected in the 137 neighbours and family members tested. No mutations were detected in pfdhps. The triple mutation S108N/N51I/C59R in pfdhfr and the chloroquine-resistant CVIET haplotype in the pfcrt gene were detected in almost all samples. Variations in pfk13 were identified in only one sample (R645T, E668K). The haplotype NFD for pfmdr1 was detected in the majority of samples (89.7%).ConclusionsPolymorphisms in pfk13 associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) tolerance in Southeast Asia were not detected, but the majority of the tested samples carried the pfmdr1 haplotype NFD and anti-malarial-assoc

    Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : Open Access http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
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  • Lien vers la sourceBase de donnéesEn anglais

    DrugBank

    DrugBank / OMx

    Base de données des médicaments : cibles, mécanismes, pharmacocinétique, interactions.

    PharmacologieChimie thérapeutiqueLicence : lecture-libre (usage non commercial)
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dry Season Determinants of Malaria Disease and Net Use in Benin, West Africa

    BackgroundTo achieve malaria eradication, control efforts have to be sustained even when the incidence of malaria cases becomes low during the dry season. In this work, malaria incidence and its determinants including bed net use were investigated in children of under 5 years of age in 28 villages in southern Benin during the dry season.Methods and FindingsMean malaria clinical incidence was measured in children aged 0–5 years by active case detection in 28 villages of the Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori Bossito sanitary district between November 2007 and March 2008. Using Poisson mixed-effect models, malaria incidence was assessed according to the level of transmission by different vector species, and Long-Lasting Insecticide-treated mosquito Nets (LLIN) use and ownership. Then, a Binomial mixed-effect model was developed to assess whether nighttime temperature (derived from MODIS remote sensing data), biting nuisance and LLIN ownership are good predictors of LLIN use >60%. Results suggested that Anopheles funestus (Incidence Rates Ratio (IRR) = 3.38 [IC95 1.91–6]) rather than An. gambiae s.s. is responsible for malaria transmission. A rate of LLIN use >60% was associated with a lower risk of malaria (IRR = 0.6 [IC95 0.37–0.99]). Low nocturnal temperature and high biting nuisance were good predictors of LLIN use >60%.ConclusionsAs recommended by the Malaria Eradication (MalERA) Consultative Group on Modelling, there is a need to understand better the effects of seasonality on malaria morbidity. This study highlights the need to take into account the specificity of malaria epidemiology during the dry-hot season and get a better understanding of the factors that influence malaria incidence and net use. These findings should help National Malaria Control Programmes to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in Africa.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
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  • Lien vers la sourceArticle

    Du champ à l'assiette vers une alimentation durable

    Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot

    L'évolution des sociétés a encouragé l'agriculture intensive et des régimes alimentaires peu durables, notamment riches en produits animaux et en déchets importants. Ces habitudes augmentent le risque de maladies chroniques et entraînent des coûts élevés pour la santé. Les systèmes alimentaires génèrent un tiers des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, utilisent 70 % de l'eau douce et occupent 40 % des terres, ce qui contribue à la déforestation, à la perte de biodiversité, à l'eutrophisation et à l'épuisement des ressources halieutiques. Sans mesures interventives, la croissance démographique intensifiera ces impacts d'ici 2050. Bien que des régimes principalement végétaux soient une solution prometteuse pour concilier santé humaine et durabilité environnementale, leur adoption efficace nécessite de satisfaire les besoins nutritionnels, de garantir un accès économique et géographique à des aliments végétaux de qualité, et de respecter le contexte culturel. La transition passe par l'adoption de pratiques agricoles durables et la lutte contre le gaspillage, tout en dépassant les barrières culturelles et économiques. Les politiques publiques doivent promouvoir une alimentation saine, durable et équitable pour tous, en respectant les limites planétaires.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieSanté publiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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  • Lien vers la sourceArticle

    Du phénotypage au Big Data

    Alexandre Journaux, Jonathan Mineau, Vincent Negre

    Avec l’émergence des nouvelles technologies d’acquisition de données, les solutions actuelles de stockage et d’interrogation vont très vite atteindre leurs limites. Les Catis (centres automatisés de traitement de l’information) Sicpa (systèmes d’informations et calcul pour le phénotypage animal) et Codex (connaissances et données expérimentales) s’intéressent donc aux différentes technologies autour du Big Data.

    GénétiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dual mobility total hip replacement: a 15-year experience in Burkina Faso

    Malick Diallo, Théodore Ouédraogo, Jean-Louis Debiesse, Jean Philippe Fayard, Paul-Henri Hulin, Joseph Millon, Wendpanga Rodrigue Lucas Douamba, Alidou Porgo, Patrick Wendpouiré Hamed Dakouré

    To report our 15 years of experience in dual mobility total hip replacement (THR) in Burkina Faso through a Franco-Burkinabé relief organization. A retrospective study spanning from 2004 to 2018 was held in a private facility. All dual mobility THR cases with at least one year of follow-up time were included. The survey used a questionnaire, and data were analyzed with statistical software (Stata® v.13). A total of 145 primary THR in 129 patients were included in disabled young patients. There was 60.46% of males (n=78) with a mean age of 44.57 years (SD=12.43). The mean etiologies were avascular necrosis of the hip (n=84), followed by childhood chronic arthritis sequalae (n=24, 16.55%) and trauma sequalae (n=13, 8.97%). All prostheses were metal-on-polyethylene from Zimmer-Biomet®. It was usually small sizes with 48 mm (females) and 50 mm (males) cups, stem 1 (female) and 3 (males). After 2.70 years (SD=2.66) of mean follow-up times, results were good despite a high rate of revision (n=10, 6.89%) due to infections and implant malposition. THR practice might be encouraged in developing countries. The dual mobility concept is adapted to sociological activities. High duration implants and cost limitation is mandatory for the replacement joints diffusion.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologiePédiatrieSanté publiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, p
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  • Article libreArticle

    Duplication appendiculaire révélé à l'occasion d'un syndrome appendiculaire récidivant

    Younes Aggouri, Pierlesky Elion Ossibi, Mourad Oussaid, Imane Tourghai, Karim Ibn Majdoub Hassani, Said Ait laalim, Khalid Mazaz

    La duplication appendiculaire est une malformation très rare. Elle se rencontre chez les enfants exceptionnellement chez les adultes. Sa découverte est souvent fortuite à l'occasion d'une laparotomie ou laparoscopie pour une autre pathologie. Nous rapportons un cas particulier d'un patient qui a bénéficié d'une appendicectomie il y'a 3 mois qui est admis aux urgences pour un syndrome appendiculaire récidivant avec aux explorations radiologique et chirurgicale la présence d'une appendicite rétrocoecale.

    PédiatrieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticle

    Duplication digestive: à propos d´un cas néonatal

    Cyrine Belghith, Sawssam Armi, Souhir Najar, Nahla Ben Saada, Tahar Makhlouf, Nabil Mathlouthi, Olfa Slimani, Leila Attia

    Les duplications digestives sont définies comme des malformations tubulaires ou kystiques, siégeant sur un segment du tube digestif, de la cavité buccale à l´anus. Elles représentent une entité rare. Le diagnostic anténatal est possible quand il s´agit d´une forme kystique volumineuse. Nous rapportons le cas d´une patiente de 33 ans, primipare sans antécédents médicaux ou chirurgicaux dont la grossesse était mal suivie. Une seule échographie faite à 8 semaines d´aménorrhée (SA). Au cours du troisième trimestre l'examen échographique a montré une image kystique anéchogène de 3cm, à paroi propre, hautement situé dans le pelvis, non vascularisée. Cette image paraît de localisation antérieure, indépendante des reins et de la vessie. Afin de mieux explorer cette image et ses caractéristiques, une imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) fœtale a été réalisée montrant une image kystique à paroi propre, bien limitée, venant au contact des anses grêliques sur le versant mésentérique. Le diagnostic d´une duplication digestive a été fortement consolidé. L´accouchement s´est déroulé sans incidents par voie haute à 39 SA pour infertilité primaire de 7 ans. L´échographie post-natale a renforcé cette hypothèse, en montrant une formation kystique au niveau de l´hypochondre gauche, de 45 mm x 19 mm, multi cloisonnée, pouvant cadrer avec une duplication digestive. Le nouveau-né a été adressé à la consultation externe de chirurgie pédiatrique pour meilleure prise en charge et programmation d´un acte chirurgical dans les premiers 6 mois. La découverte d´une image fœtale kystique anéchogène pose le problème du diagnostic étiologique d´une part et du suivi et prise en charge post-natale d´autre part.

    PédiatrieGynécologie-obstétriqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, p
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  • Article libreArticle

    Duplication iléale chez l’adulte révélée par une perforation

    El bouhaddouti Hicham, Ousadden Abdelmalek, Alaoui Lamrani Youssef, Benjelloun Bachir, Kamaoui Imane, Tizniti Siham, Mazaz Khalid, Ait Taleb Khalid

    Les duplications intestinales sont des malformations digestives rares (0,2 % des malformations de l’enfant). Elles sont diagnostiquées généralement avant l’âge d’un an, mais elles peuvent rester asymptomatiques et diagnostiquées à l’âge adulte. Le diagnostic est fait le plus souvent lors de laparotomie faite en urgence devant une complication. Elles sont traitées par résection chirurgicale.

    PédiatrieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticle

    Duplicité de l’urètre de type IIA2 en “Y”

    Mohammed Alae Touzani, Othmane Yddoussalah

    Licence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Durable Anti-Vi IgG and IgA Antibody Responses in 15-Month-Old Children Vaccinated With Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Burkina Faso

    Alphonse Ouedraogo, Amidou Diarra, Issa Nébié, Nouhoun Barry, Jean Moise Kabore, Alfred B Tiono, Shrimati Datta, Yuanyuan Liang, Ifayet Mayo, Jennifer J Oshinsky, J Kathleen Tracy, Tsion Girmay, Marcela F Pasetti, Leslie P Jamka, Kathleen M Neuzil, Sodiomon B Sirima, Matthew B Laurens

    AbstractWe assessed anti-Vi IgG/IgA responses to typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in children enrolled in a double-blind randomized controlled, phase 2 trial in Burkina Faso. Anti-Vi IgG seroconversion and anti-Vi IgA titers were higher in TCV than control recipients at 30–35 months post-vaccination. TCV induces durable immunity in Burkinabe children vaccinated at 15 months. A single dose of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) induces durable immunity in Burkinabe children vaccinated at 15 months 30–35 months post-vaccination. Extended duration data—of a novel TCV in West Africa—will inform policy and decision-makers considering the country introduction of TCV.

    ImmunologiePédiatrieSanté publiqueLicence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dynamic of plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene Pfcrt K76T mutation five years after withdrawal of chloroquine in Burkina Faso

    Paul Sondo, Karim Derra, Zekiba Tarnagda, Seydou Diallo Nakanabo, Odile Zampa, Adama Kazienga, Innocent Valea, Hermann Sorgho, Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo, Tinga Robert Guiguemde, Halidou Tinto

    We investigated the evolution of Pfcrt K76T mutation five years after the withdrawal of chloroquine in Burkina Faso. A total of 675 clinical isolates collected from October 2010 to September 2012 were successfully genotyped. Single nucleotide polymorphism in Pfcrt (codon 76) gene was analyzed. The prevalence of resistant Pfcrt 76T allele was 20.55%. There was a progressive decrease of the proportion of mutant type pfcrt T76 from 2010 to 2012 (X2=5.508 p=0.0189). Our results suggest a progressive return of the wild type Pfcrt K76 in Burkina Faso but the prevalence of the mutants Pfcrt T76 still remains high.

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Parasitologie et mycologieLicence : The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa

    Innocent Djègbè, Olayidé Boussari, Aboubakar Sidick, Thibaud Martin, Hilary Ranson, Fabrice Chandre, Martin Akogbéto, Vincent Corbel

    BackgroundInsecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa.MethodsAnopheles gambiae s.l populations were collected from October 2008 to June 2010 in four sites selected on the basis of different use of insecticides and environment. WHO susceptibility tests were carried out to detect resistance to DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin and deltamethrin. The synergist piperonyl butoxide was used to assess the role of non-target site mechanisms in pyrethroid resistance. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were identified to species and to molecular M and S forms using PCR techniques. Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to determine kdr and Ace.1R allelic frequencies and activity of the detoxification enzymes.ResultsThroughout the surveys very high levels of mortality to bendiocarb and fenitrothion were observed in An. gambiae s.l. populations. However, high frequencies of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids were seen in both M and S form of An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. PBO increased the toxicity of permethrin and restored almost full susceptibility to deltamethrin. Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes from Cotonou and Malanville showed higher oxidase activity compared to the Kisumu susceptible strain in 2009, whereas the esterase activity was higher in the mosquitoes from Bohicon in both 2008 and 2009. A high frequency of 1014F kdr allele was initially showed in An. gambiae from Cotonou and Tori-Bossito whereas it increased in mosquitoes from Bohicon and Malanville during the second year. For the first time the L1014S kdr mutation was found in An. arabiensis in Benin. The ace.1R mutation was almost absent in An. gambiae s.l.ConclusionPyrethroid and DDT resistance is widespread in malaria vector in Benin and both

    Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dynamics of malaria transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes following treatment of Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic carriers: results of a cluster-randomized study of community-wide screening and treatment, and a parallel entomology study

    Alfred B Tiono, Moussa W Guelbeogo, N Falé Sagnon, Issa Nébié, Sodiomon B Sirima, Amitava Mukhopadhyay, Kamal Hamed

    BackgroundIn malaria-endemic countries, large proportions of individuals infected with Plasmodium falciparum are asymptomatic and constitute a reservoir of parasites for infection of newly hatched mosquitoes.MethodsTwo studies were run in parallel in Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of systematic identification and treatment of asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum, detected by rapid diagnostic test, on disease transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes. A clinical study assessed the incidence of symptomatic malaria episodes with a parasite density >5,000/μL after three screening and treatment campaigns ~1 month apart before the rainy season; and an entomological study determined the effect of these campaigns on malaria transmission as measured by entomological inoculation rate.ResultsThe intervention arm had lower prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of asexual parasites and lower prevalence of gametocyte carriers during campaigns 2 and 3 as compared to the control arm. During the entire follow-up period, out of 13,767 at-risk subjects, 2,516 subjects (intervention arm 1,332; control arm 1,184) had symptomatic malaria. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the incidence of first symptomatic malaria episode with a parasite density >5,000/μL showed that, in the total population, the two treatment arms were similar until Week 11–12 after campaign 3, corresponding with the beginning of the malaria transmission season, after which the probability of being free of symptomatic malaria was lower in the intervention arm (logrank p < 0.0001). Similar trends were observed in infants and children <5 years and in individuals ≥5 years of age. In infants and children <5 years old who experienced symptomatic malaria episodes, the geometric mean P. falciparum density was lower in the intervention arm than the control arm. This trend was not seen in those individuals aged ≥5 years. Over the year, monthly variation in mosquito density and entomological inoculation rate was co

    Biostatistiques et épidémiologieParasitologie et mycologieMaladies infectieuses et tropicalesLicence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dynamics of multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in a rice growing area in South-Western Burkina Faso

    Kounbobr Roch Dabiré, Abdoulaye Diabaté, Luc Djogbenou, Ali Ouari, Raphaël N'Guessan, Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo, Jean-Marc Hougard, Fabrice Chandre, Thierry Baldet

    BackgroundInsecticide resistance of the main malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, has been reported in south-western Burkina Faso, West Africa. Cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was conferred by alterations at site of action in the sodium channel, the Leu-Phe kdr mutation; resistance to organophosphates and carbamates resulted from a single point mutation in the oxyanion hole of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme designed as ace-1R.MethodsAn entomological survey was carried out during the rainy season of 2005 at Vallée du Kou, a rice growing area in south-western Burkina Faso. At the Vallée du Kou, both insecticide resistance mechanisms have been previously described in the M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae. This survey aimed i) to update the temporal dynamics and the circumsporozoite infection rate of the two molecular forms M and S of An. gambiae ii) to update the frequency of the Leu-Phe kdr mutation within these forms and finally iii) to investigate the occurrence of the ace-1R mutation.Mosquitoes collected by indoor residual collection and by human landing catches were counted and morphologically identified. Species and molecular forms of An. gambiae, ace-1R and Leu-Phe kdr mutations were determined using PCR techniques. The presence of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum was determined using ELISA.ResultsAnopheles gambiae populations were dominated by the M form. However the S form occurred in relative important proportion towards the end of the rainy season with a maximum peak in October at 51%. Sporozoite rates were similar in both forms. The frequency of the Leu-Phe kdr mutation in the S form reached a fixation level while it is still spreading in the M form. Furthermore, the ace-1R mutation prevailed predominately in the S form and has just started spreading in the M form. The two mutations occurred concomitantly both in M and S populations.ConclusionThese results showed that the Vallée du Kou, a rice growing area formerly occupied

    Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueBiostatistiques et épidémiologieLicence : This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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  • Article libreArticleEn anglais

    Dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the Mouhoun river, Burkina Faso, in relation with environmental factors

    Jérémy Bouyer, Naférima Koné, Zakaria Bengaly

    In Burkina Faso, the cyclical vectors of African animal trypanosomoses (AAT) are riverine tsetse species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (G.p.g.) and Glossina tachinoides Westwood (G.t.) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Experimental work demonstrated that environmental stress can increase the sensitivity of tsetse to trypanosome infection. Seasonal variations of the tsetse infection rates were monitored monthly over 17 months (May 2006–September 2007) in two sites (Douroula and Kadomba). In total, 1423 flies were dissected and the infection of the proboscis, middle intestine and salivary glands was noted. All the positive organs were analyzed using monospecific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. To investigate the role of different environmental factors, fly infection rates were analyzed using generalized linear mixed binomial models using the species, sex, and monthly averages of the maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures, rainfalls, Land Surface Temperature day (LSTd) and night (LSTn) as fixed effects and the trap position as a random effect. The overall infection rate was 10% from which the predominant species was T. congolense (7.6% of the flies), followed by T. vivax (2.2% of the flies). The best model (lowest AICc) for the global infection rates was the one with the maximum daily temperature only as fixed effect (p < 0.001). For T. congolense, the best model was the one with the tsetse species, sex, maximum daily temperature and rainfalls as fixed effect, where the maximum daily temperature was the main effect (p < 0.001). The number of T. vivax infections was too low to allow the models to converge. The maturation rate of T. congolense was very high (94%), and G. t. harbored a higher maturation rate (p = 0.03). The results are discussed in view of former laboratory studies showing that temperature stress can increase the susceptibility of tsetse to trypanosomes, as well as the possibility to improve AAT risk mapping using satellite images.

    Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueParasitologie et mycologieLicence : This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in
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  • Lien vers la sourceThèse

    Dynamiques des associations entre les fourmis amazoniennes et leurs communautés microbiennes

    Anaïs Chanson

    Les associations entre hôte et communautés microbiennes sont nombreuses et dépendantes de plusieurs facteurs, tant sur le plan écologique qu’évolutif. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les facteurs structurant les associations entre fourmis amazoniennes et leurs communautés microbiennes. Les chapitres 1 et 2 décrivent respectivement la diversité des communautés bactériennes et eucaryotes associées à 38 espèces de fourmis amazoniennes. Ces différentes espèces possèdent diverses écologies et ont été collectées dans deux habitats distincts. Nous avons ainsi pu comparer les communautés microbiennes associées aux fourmis amazoniennes en fonction de différents paramètres de l’hôte, tels que son habitat, son mode de nidification, son régime alimentaire, sa taxonomie et son histoire évolutive. Pour cela nous avons procédé à une analyse métabarcoding en ciblant les gènes 16S rRNA et 18S rRNA respectivement dans les chapitres 1 et 2. Nos résultats révèlent que les communautés microbiennes associées aux fourmis amazoniennes sont structurées par différents facteurs tels que le régime alimentaire, le mode de nidification ainsi que la taxonomie cependant cette structuration ne semble pas impactée par l’habitat. Le chapitre 3 présente une analyse de la diversité des clusters de gènes de biosynthèse (CGB) des bactéries symbiotiques des fourmis du genre Cephalotes. Ces CGB permettent aux bactéries de produire des métabolites secondaires dont certains jouent un rôle dans la structuration et la maintenance des communautés bactériennes, qu’elles soient associées à un hôte ou non. Nos résultats révèlent que les communautés bactériennes dominantes de 17 espèces de fourmis Cephalotes possèdent de nombreux clusters de gènes de biosynthèse dont certains présente une haute similarité entre des CGB issu d'un même symbiote à travers différentes espèces hôtes de fourmis, et entre les CGB provenant de différents ordres bactériens au sein d'une même espèce hôte. Ces résultats prélim

    Biologie cellulaire et moléculaireGénétiqueMicrobiologie (bactériologie, virologie)Licence : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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